Large-Sample Estimation in Statistics
This chapter delves into large-sample estimation in probability and statistics, covering populations, parameters, types of inference, examples, definitions, and good point estimators. It explores estimation and hypothesis testing, providing insights and methods for making statistical inferences.
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Presentation Transcript
Concept of Development and Sustainable Development
Development is not purely an economic phenomenon but dimensional process reorganization and reorientation of entire economic AND social system Development is process of improving the quality of all human lives with three equally important aspects. These are: rather a multi- involving
a) Raising peoples living levels, i.e. incomes and consumption, levels of food, medical services, education through relevant growth processes b) Creating conditions conducive to the growth of peoples self-esteem establishment of economic systems and institutions which promote human dignity and respect c) Increasing peoples freedom to choose by enlarging the range of their choice variables, e.g. varieties of goods and services through political the and social,
Development as a concept would imply that there is progress or change for the better in such a way to enhance the security, freedom, dignity, self-reliance and self-development of groups of people. This would involve twin concepts of social as well as economic development.
There development does not just comprise of economic growth or physical infrastructure development, but it should also show in terms of improvements in people s lives Three Models of Development: a) Capitalistic Model b) Socialistic Model c) Mixed Model has been a realization that
Approaches of Development Growth oriented Approach: Based on economic Development Human Development Approach: Multidimensional approach, includes all aspect of human life Human Development Indicators: a) Life Expectancy at birth b) Literacy rate c) GNP (Purchasing Power)
Human Development The concept of human development was formally launched publication of Human Development Report by the United Nations Programme (UNDP) Human development is concerned primarily with the reduction of human deprivation, the creation of human capability, and unleashing processes that enlarge peoples choices in 1990 with the Development
The Human Development Report 1990 defines human development as a process of enlarging people s choices. Although these choices are limitless and change over time, three essential choices for people at all stages of development are to lead a long and healthy life, to acquire knowledge and to have access to resources needed for decent standard of living
Main features Development must put people at the center of its concerns. The purpose of development is to enlarge all human choices, not just income. The human development concerned both with building up human capabilities and with using those human capabilities fully Human development components: Equity, Productivity and Empowerment. paradigm is has four Sustainability, essential
Sustainable Development Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs . It contains within it two key concepts: The concept of needs , in particular the essential needs of the world s poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social environment s ability to meet present and future needs. organization on the
According to the classical definition given by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987, development is sustainable if it meets the needs of the compromising the generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development could probably be otherwise called equitable and balanced present ability without future of
The reduction of hunger and poverty in environmentally sound ways. It includes the meeting of basic needs, expanding economic protecting and improving the environment A process of change in which the resources consumed (both social and ecological) are not depleted to the extent that they cannot be replicated. opportunities,
Improving the quality of human life while living within capacity of supporting ecosystems the carrying Environmentally economic (agriculture, without harming ecosystem friendly growth manufacturing, forms activities of etc.)
Objectives of SD Reviving and changing the quality of growth Meeting essential needs for jobs, foods, energy, water and sanitation Conserving and enhancing the resource base Reorienting technology and managing risk Merging environment and economics in decision making Making development participatory
Approaches of S.D. Economic Approach Ecological Approach Socio-cultural Approach
Strategies for SD I. Political system that secures effective citizen participation in decision making II. An economic system that is able to generate surpluses and technical knowledge on a self- reliant and sustained basis III. A social system that provides for solutions for the tensions arising from disharmonious development IV. A production system that respects the obligation to preserve the ecological base for development V. A technological system continuously for new solutions that can search
