Legacies of Colonial Rule & Cold War Impact in Africa
The lessons explore the legacies of colonial rule and the impact of the Cold War on Africa, focusing on events like the Congo Crisis, Biafra War, and strategic implications post-1974. It delves into the political, social, and economic repercussions of external influences and endogenous roots during two distinct phases. The content discusses key historical events, including secessionist movements, coups, civil wars, and the role of major global powers in shaping the African continent.
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University of Trieste Department of Political and Social Sciences INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA ACADEMIC YEAR 2016-17 LESSON FIVE: LEGACIES OF COLONIAL RULE THE COLD WAR (2)
COLD WAR IMPACT: ENDOGENOUS ROOTS & EXTERNAL INFLUENCES TWO PHASES: 1. BEFORE 1974 2. BETWEEN 1974 -86 (THE INDEPENDENCE OF PORTUGUESE AFRICA & ETHIOPIAN REVOLUTION) BEFORE 1974: FEEBLE ENGAGEMENT OF SOVIET UNION (ONLY INDIRECTLY) & THE ROLE OF CHINA (BY 1960 DETERIORATION OF RELATION BETWEEN THE TWO) THE POLITICS OF NON-ALLIGNMENT CIVIL WARS IN CONGO & NIGERIA: DIVERGENT PATH OF FORMER COLONIAL POWERS
CONGO CRISIS COLLAPSE OF THE STATE & SECESSIONIST MOVEMENTS: 1. INDEPENDENCE & ELECTIONS(1960) UNDER LUMUMBA (MNC): POLITICAL INSTABILITY BELGIUM SEND TROOPS TO PROTECT EUROPEANS KATANGA DECLARES INDEPENDENCE UNDER TSHOMBE (CONAKAT) SOUTH KASAI DECLARES AUTONOMY UNDER KALONJI ONUC DEPLOYS TROOPS CENTRAL GVMT SPLIT BETWEEN LUMUMBA & KASA-VUBU FIRST MOBUTU COUP (1960) EXECUTION OF LUMUMBA (1961) END OF KATANGA SECESSION (1961) SIMBA REBELLION (1964) SECOND MOBUTU COUP (1965)
2. BIAFRA WAR THE STATE DID NOT COLLAPSE + SECESSIONIST MOVEMENT: NIGERIA INDEPENDENCE 1960 UNDER THE ALLIANCE BETWEEN NPC & NCNC 1966 COUP BY IGBO OFFICERS & KILLING OF AHMADU BELLO & TAFAWA BALEWA COUNTER-COUP LED BY GOWON IGBO POGROMS IN THE NORTH 1967 ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM BY GOWON OIL RESOURCES CONTROL BIAFRA BREAK AWAY 1970 END OF THE BIAFRA WAR
THE STRATEGIC IMPACT OF COLD WAR AFTER 1974 (see COLD WAR Maps): NOT ONLY POLITICAL BUT STRATEGIC & ECONOMIC (THE PERSIAN GULF) 1. EASTERN AFRICA: a. SOMALIA: 1969 COUP OF BARRE, THE INVOLVEMENT OF SAUDI ARABIA b. ETHIOPIA:1974 HAYLE SELLASSE MONARCHY OVERTHROWN c. SUDAN: 1969 COUP OF NUMEYRI (IN POWER UNTIL 1985; 1983 PROCLAMATION OF SHARI A) d. THE ROLE OF SAUDI ARABIA (1973-)
2. SOUTHERN AFRICA: ANGOLA: MPLA vs UNITA (AND FNLA) MOZAMBIQUE: FRELIMO vs RENAMO (1975) SOUTH-AFRICA: ANC & SWAPO (1966 SOUTH AFRICA REJECTED UN DECLARATION TO END TRUSTESHEEP) THE ROLE OF USA (SINCE REAGAN,1981-) a. b. c. d.
3. CENTRAL AFRICA: ZIMBABWE: 1965 UNILATERAL DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE; ZANU (1963 R. MUGABE) & ZAPU (1961 J. NKOMO); 1979 LANCASTER HOUSE AGREEMENT; 1983 CRISIS: MERGING OF ZANU & ZAPU ZAIRE: MOBUTU (1965-1997) UGANDA: 1971 IDI AMIN COUP (UNTIL 1979); NRM & THE WAR IN THE BUSH (1981-86) a. b. c.
1986 GORBACHEV & DISENGAGEMENT END OF COLD WAR THE EFFECTS OF THE END OF COLD WAR: MILITARY AID ENDED SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA CEASED TO BE STRATEGIC ECONOMIC AID REDUCED BY THE BEGINNING OF THE 90s ( SEE FIG 5.1) FROM BI-LATERALISM TO MULTI-LATERALISM THE ROLE OF SAPs & OF IFIs RE-ALLIGNMENT OF OIL ECONOMIES (EX.: ANGOLA) REFORM OR COLLAPSE
CIVIL WARS & COLLAPSES: ENDURING CIVIL WARS THAT BEGUN DURING COLD WAR (ANGOLA, - 2002; SUDAN -2011 [SOUTH SUDAN 2013-]) CIVIL WARS THAT ENDED WITH SOVIET WITHDRAWAL (MOZAMBIQUE, 1992; ETHIOPIA -1991) NEW CIVIL WARS (SOMALIA, 1991-; LIBERIA, 1989-97/1999-2003; SIERRA LEONE, 1991-2002; ZAIRE/RDC, 1996-2003; CONGO BRAZZAVILLE, 1997- 99; COTE D IVOIRE, 2002-2004/2011; CENTRAFRIQUE 2012-14)
