Light's Dual Nature and Quantum Theory
Exploring the dual character of light as both wave and particle, phenomena like interference, diffraction, black body radiation, and the photoelectric effect are discussed, along with Planck's quantum theory. Discover how light's behavior challenges traditional understanding in this comprehensive overview.
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Presentation Transcript
If light is supposed to have wave character, some phenomena like interference, diffraction, etc , can be explained. If light is supposed to have particle character, some phenomena like black body radiation and photo electric effect can be explained. Thus light is said to have dual character.
A particle occupies a well defined position in space. i.e., a particle is localized in space. When a particular space is occupied by one particle, the same cannot be occupied simultaneously by any other particle. In other words, particles do not interfere. When a number of particles are present in a given region of space, their total value is equal to their sum. i.e., it is neither less nor more.
Black body radiation was proposed by Max Planck while explaining the spectral lines. A hot body radiant energy not in continuous waves but in small units of waves. The energy associated with each quantum is proportional to the frequency of the radiation.
An object that absorbs all radiation falling on it, at all wavelengths is called a black body. When a black body is at uniform temperature, its emission has a characteristics frequency distribution that depends on the temperature. Its emission is called black body radiation.
According to Planck's quantum theory, the smallest amount of energy that can be emitted or absorbed in the form of electromagnetic radiation is called quantum. The energy of the radiation absorbed is directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation.
When a beam of light of sufficiently high frequency is allowed to strike a metal surface in vacuum electrons are ejected from the metal surface. This phenomenon is known as photo electric effect. The ejected electrons are called photo electrons.
The Compton effect is the term used for an unusual result observed when X-rays are scattered on some materials. Compton effect is important because light cannot be explained as a wave phenomenon. When an electromagnetic wave is scattered off atoms, the wavelength of the scattered radiation is expected to be the same as the wavelength of the incident radiation.
