Logic: Analytic, Synthetic, A Priori and A Posteriori Distinctions
Delve into the realm of logic, exploring the concepts of analytic and synthetic judgments, along with the distinctions between a priori and a posteriori knowledge. Learn how reasoning shapes our understanding of truth and reality.
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Presentation Transcript
LOGIC THE SCIENCE OF REASONING
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ANALYTIC AND SYNTHETIC
Any sentence has a Subject and a Predicate. All bachelors are unmarried men Bachelors = Subject Unmarried men = Predicate
A sentence is Analytic just if the predicate concept is contained in the subject concept. All triangles are three-sided figures Subject: Triangles Predicate: Three-sided figures The concept of being a three-sided figure defines what it is to be a triangle.
A judgment is Synthetic just if the predicate concept is not contained in the subject concept. All bachelors are tall Subject: Bachelors Predicate: Tall The predicate concept does not define the subject concept
All objects occupy space The Sun will rise tomorrow
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN A PRIORI AND A POSTERIORI
A judgment is A Priori justif it can be known independently of experience: We know that all bachelors are unmarried men without asking them! True in all possible worlds(?)
All bachelors are unmarried men How do we know?
A judgment is A Posteriori just if in order to know it experience is required.
Some bachelors are happy How do we know?
Analytic Synthetic A priori X X A posteriori
ANALYTIC OR SYNTHETIC? YOU TELL ME
FIRE BURNS YOUR FINGERS Fire definition = Combustion or burning, in which substance combine chemically with oxygen.
THE SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS IS A STRAIGHT LINE Straight line definition = line traced by a point traveling in a constant direction; a line of zero curvature
A RAT IS A RODENT Rat definition = a rodent
There are prime numbers larger than Graham s number. Graham's number is bigger than the number of atoms in the observable Universe, which is estimated to be 1082.
SNOW IS WHITE Snow definition = atmospheric water vapor frozen into ice crystals and falling in light white flakes or lying on the ground as a white layer. White definition: the lightest color and is achromatic (having no hue)
A stone thrown at a glass window breaks the glass
New Orleans is the largest city in Louisiana
Hitting a billiard ball with a cue stick makes the ball move onto the table.
The Sun is 92.96 million miles from Earth
Donald Trump is the President of the United States
Analytic Propositions Synthetic Propositions True and deducible by definition Not true or deducible by definition The opposite is not conceivable The opposite is conceivable The predicate term defines the subject The predicate term does not define the subject Known prior to experience Impossible to know prior to experience
GREAT JOB! NOW, LET S DISCUSS ARGUMENTS
ARGUMENT DEFINITION A group of premises in support of a conclusion. Premise is a statement or sentence that has a truth value. Conclusion is the main point or thesis. A paper, a speech, a book, an article, an oral presentation, can be arguments.
RECOGNIZE ARGUMENTS
Every literature major must take a course in Shakespeare. John has taken the Shakespeare course; therefore, he must be a literature major.
A time-honored policemen adage has it that with homicide, if you haven t nailed your killer inside a week, your chances of ever doing so divide by half for every subsequent week that passes.
If the president dies in office, then the first lady becomes the new president. Since Barbara Bush is the first lady, she will take over if President Bush dies in office.
A person cant be a marine and a sailor both. Since Max is a sailor, it must be that he is not a marine.
There is freedom in the sense of being able to move as one pleases, freedom in the sense of being able to do and speak as one pleases, and freedom in the sense of being able to think for oneself. This last type makes the others possible. Consequently, it is our most important freedom.
Every chemistry major must take a year of organic chemistry. Max is a chemistry major, so he takes a year of organic chemistry.
You shouldnt buy a foreign car. Patrick did, and within a year he had to have the transmission replaced.
Most people who major in the humanities go on to teach humanities. People who teach the humanities are happy because the humanities are always exciting and fun and they are about things of human importance. Work that keeps you focused on being human is hardly work at all. It comes to be a labor of love. People who major in the humanities love their work.
I heard that most MDs are conservatives. My doctor is an MD. So he is a conservative.
When a mild electrical current is applied to a muscle, the muscle contracts. When the current stops, the muscle relaxes. Therefore, the application of a mild current to a muscle is the cause of contraction.
Some fruits are sweet. Honey is sweet. Therefore it must be a fruit.
Computers dont have feelings for the reason that only living things can have feelings. And computers are not living things.
