Meat Adulteration and Substitution - Electrophoretic Methods
Agar gel electrophoresis, counter immuno electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and Iso-electric focussing are key techniques used for meat quality control and detection of adulteration. These techniques involve separating proteins based on their mobility in different types of gels under specific conditions, providing high resolution and accurate results. Understanding these electrophoretic methods is crucial in meat processing and ensuring product authenticity.
Download Presentation
Please find below an Image/Link to download the presentation.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author.If you encounter any issues during the download, it is possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.
You are allowed to download the files provided on this website for personal or commercial use, subject to the condition that they are used lawfully. All files are the property of their respective owners.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author.
E N D
Presentation Transcript
ELEC-E8423 - Smart Grid Wind power generation variation and its modeling Hossam Mousa 05.03.2024
Introduction Fossil fuel Fossil fuel Renewable energy Renewable energy sources sources Availability Environment friendly Low cost Wind energy Wind energy Economic value Low maintenance cost Large generating stations Global Warming Rapid depletion High cost Environmental pollution Main Challenges: Main Challenges: These are good jobs, and they re a source of pride that we need to fight for. Barack Obama in Iowa August 14, 2012. Capacity Capacity uncertainties and variations based on weather uncertainties and variations based on weather conditions, and forecasting conditions, and forecasting 2 05.03.2024 Page 2
Major Components of Grid-Connected WECS Wind power. Mechanical parts (wind turbine, gearbox ..etc). Electrical parts ( Generator, power converters, transformers, ..etc). Control systems Other parts Control system Wind Turbine Gearbox Electrical generator Power converters Transformer Utility grid Wind Power Mechanical Power Electrical Power 05.03.2024 Page 3 3
Wind turbine modeling Owing Owing to to the the WT WT orientation orientation Owing Owing to to the the operating operating speed speed Fixed-speed WT Variable-speed WT Horizontal Axis WT Vertical Axis WT Pm=1 3 2 ACp( , )Vw 1 2 ACp( , )Vw m 3 Tm=Pm = m C5 i + C6 C2 i Cp , = C1 C3 C4 e = mR Vw 05.03.2024 Page 4
Wind generators Lower amplitude of currents in each phase. Lower amplitude of currents in each phase. Reduce current rating of converter power switches. Reduce current rating of converter power switches. Lower torque ripples to reduce mechanical stress. Lower torque ripples to reduce mechanical stress. Higher efficiency and reliability. Lower the dc link current harmonics. Lower the dc link current harmonics. Fault Fault- -tolerant property. tolerant property. SCIG (Squirrel Cage Induction Generator) DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator) PMSG (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator) Multi-phase PMSG Higher efficiency and reliability. 05.03.2024 Page 5
Wind speed operating regions Control of a Variable Speed Wind Turbine, Why ? Control of a Variable Speed Wind Turbine, Why ? Maximize generated wind power. Keep the turbine in safe operating mode. Minimize mechanical loads in the drive train. Region 3 Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 ?????? Mechanical Power ?????? ??????? ?????? Wind Speed MPP 0.48 Power Coefficient 8.1 Tip Speed Ratio 05.03.2024 Page 6
Classification of MPPT algorithms IPC : maximizes the captured mechanical wind power. DPC: directly maximizes the output electrical power. P&O may operate by IPC or DPC. IPC: Indirect power controller IPC: Indirect power controller DPC: Direct power controller DPC: Direct power controller P&O: Perturb and observe P&O: Perturb and observe To Utility Grid Power converter P m m Perturb and Observe - MSC ref + Controller m 05.03.2024 Page 7
Wind power generation variation and its modeling Intermittency and Variability Meteorological Factors (wind speed, direction, temperature, and atmospheric stability) Wind Speed Distribution Temporal and Spatial Variations (geographical differences in wind resources) Integration with Energy Storage (esp. fuel cell- based hydrogen technologies ) Forecasting Techniques using Machine Learning and AI Models: Grid Operation Management to accommodate variability. 05.03.2024 Page 8
Wind power generation variation and its modeling Wind speed / power Forecasting Forecasting physical scale Methods Time scale Types Short-term (sec., min.) Physical Wind turbine Deterministic Traditional and statistical Medium- Short term (hours) Wind farm Probabilistic AI-based Long term (years) Hybrid Long-Medium term (months, days) 05.03.2024 Page 9
Conclusions Wind energy conversion system consists of various components such as wind turbines and generators. The wind generation is influenced by several factors such as wind speed, location, weather, etc. MPPT techniques ensure wind turbines operate in safe regions of wind speed. Wind forecasting and estimation using AI techniques are prominent. 05.03.2024 Page 10
Source material used Mousa, H. H., Mahmoud, K., & Lehtonen, M. (2024). A Comprehensive Review on Recent Developments of Hosting Capacity Estimation and Optimization for Active Distribution Networks. IEEE Access. Mousa, H. H., Youssef, A. R., & Mohamed, E. E. (2021). State of the art perturb and observe MPPT algorithms based wind energy conversion systems: A technology review. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 126, 106598. Kumar, D., & Chatterjee, K. (2016). A review of conventional and advanced MPPT algorithms for wind energy systems. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 55, 957-970. https://tuulivoimayhdistys.fi/en/wind-power-in-finland-2/about-wind-power-in- finland 05.03.2024 Page 11
Other issues . Send the presentation to matti.lehtonen@aalto.fi for check latest the day before the scheduled presentation 05.03.2024 Page 12
