Mobile Communication and Computing Overview
In this overview, we explore mobile communication and computing, covering topics such as mobile network generations, added dimensions of mobile computing, and the architecture of mobile computing. The content discusses the evolution of mobile communication technologies, limitations of early mobile networks, and the distributed nature of mobile networks. It also delves into the added dimensions of mobile computing, including location awareness, network connectivity, device capabilities, power supply, user interfaces, platform proliferation, and active transactions.
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USCOTS 2023 USCOTS 2023 Breakout 3F: Hypothetical thinking 3F: Hypothetical thinking (about confounding): why & how to teach it (about confounding): why & how to teach it
How You Can Be More Creative (Roger von Oech, Warner Books, 1990) Inventor-explorer makes the ordinary extraordinary and the unusual commonplace. (Gutenburg invented printing press from watching a wine press) Almost every advance came from challenging the rules Seek ideas outside your field (roll-on deodorant adapted ballpoint pen; hook spine of common burr inspired Velcro fastener; spinning feature of falling elm seeds inspired new windmill blade design) Neils Bohr : The opposite of a great truth is another great truth Children do most of their learning through play. Thomas Edison knew 1,800 ways not to build a light bulb
4 stages of the creative process (John Braheny, 1988) Preparation gathering of tools, education, life experiences Incubation unconscious rumination in the background Illumination initial unedited expression of ideas Verification editor/reviewer/judge brought in
creativity & hypothetical thinking Soft thinking in the practical phase can prevent the execution of an idea; here firmness and directness are preferable to ambiguity and dreams. Conversely, hard thinking in the germinal phase can limit the creative process and prematurely narrow your thinking. Roger Von Oech, A Whack on the Side of the Head Techniques for soft thinking: give yourself exercises, stream-of-consciousness 10 minutes nonstop uncensored writing (e.g., from starter word/phrase), thinking while walking/moving Aristotle said the mark of an intelligent mind is the ability to entertain an idea without necessarily accepting it (cf. how teachers solicit ideas from students without always evaluating them) Regretting one s choices; what if thinking; counterfactual thinking: why bronze medalists (or B- students) are more satisfied than silver (or B+ students) medalists Jean Piaget s hypothetico-deductive reasoning in formal operational stage (ages 12+) Jonathan Evans Hypothetical Thinking Theory: this default-interventionist, dual-process theory follows 3 principles (relevance, singularity, satisficing) and can account for many biases (e.g., confirmation bias)
Good news: we all already do this! Notice how you react to this dialogue (adapted from Yus, 2013) Alex: How s your girlfriend? Pat: She s no longer my girlfriend. WHAT ARE YOU THINKING SO FAR? WHAT ELSE COULD BE TRUE?
Good news: we all already do this! Notice how you react to this dialogue (adapted from Yus, 2013) Alex: How s your girlfriend? Pat: She s no longer my girlfriend. Alex: Oh! I'm so sorry I thought you got along well with each other.
Good news: we all already do this! Notice how you react to this dialogue (adapted from Yus, 2013) Alex: How s your girlfriend? Pat: She s no longer my girlfriend. Alex: Oh! I'm so sorry I thought you got along well with each other. Pat: No! I mean she's now my wife! We got married last month. Alex: Ohhhhh, congrats! I had no idea!
Ages of the 3 Children problem A woman tells a census taker at the door, "I have 3 children and the product of their ages is 36. The sum of their ages is the number on this gate." The census taker does a calculation and claims to need more information.
Ages of the 3 Children problem A woman tells a census taker at the door, "I have 3 children and the product of their ages is 36. The sum of their ages is the number on this gate." The census taker does a calculation and claims to need more information. The woman goes back inside, telling the census taker, "I have to see to my eldest child who is sick in bed." The census taker leaves, satisfied.
Probability question (adapted from Farsani, 2022) A traditional Chilean couple Carlos and Maria have 2 children, one of whom is a boy named Daniel. Pr(their other child is a girl) is closest to what? A) 0 B) 1/2 C) 2/3 D) 1
Probability question (adapted from Farsani, 2022) A traditional Chilean couple Carlos and Maria have 2 children, one of whom is a boy named Daniel. Pr(their other child is a girl) is closest to what? A) 0 B) 1/2 (most students say) C) 2/3 (most of you will say, since BB BG GB GG) D) 1
Probability question (adapted from Farsani, 2022) A traditional Chilean couple Carlos and Maria have 2 children, one of whom is a boy named Daniel. Pr(their other child is a girl) is closest to what? A) 0 (traditional Chilean couples name first-born boys after Dad) B) 1/2 (most students say) C) 2/3 (most of you will say, since BB BG GB GG) D) 1
hypothetical thinking in STEM fields For a mathematician Proof by contradiction Creating a conjecture to try to prove or a counterexample For a statistician P-value is a probability as if Ho were true
Exercises to stimulate hypothetical thinking Asking for possible interpretations of graph or dataset Asking for possible variables of interest Asking for research question to investigate Asking for best representation of the data Find data set with certain properties/measures Abraham Wald shown data on WWII American planes coming back from engagements (with density of bullet holes higher in fuselage than in engines) and asked where to add armor Challenger data set with mostly no O-ring incident flights
What might have caused the improvement stated on this postcard?
Letter in Nov. 2001 Teaching Children Mathematics
Classroom teacher behaviors (think of a qualitative researcher doing an interview) Solicit suggestions (write on the board) without judgment/evaluation If a student asks, Is this correct? or Am I on the right track? , respond with no right or wrong now just what you think the focus now is not on correctness, just on reasoning/process Mmm hmmm, say more
brainstorm binary confounders that could be applied to people: GO!
possible binary confounders? age: young/old size: tall/short wealth: rich/poor politics: conservative/liberal race: White/non-White marital status: married/unmarried job status: employed/unemployed job type: white collar/blue collar location: near/far, (sub)urban/rural registered voter: yes/no licensed driver: yes/no institution type: public/private college education: some/none religion: affiliated/unaffiliated hegemony: minority/majority handedness: right/left Rh blood: pos or neg have landline: yes/no Rh blood: + or - and ..?
