Monitoring cART Efficacy in HIV-Associated Solid Tumors: Study Insights

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Explore the effectiveness of cART in patients with HIV-associated solid tumors undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Discover the importance of monitoring treatment efficacy and toxicity to identify early failures. Gain valuable insights from retrospective studies on CD4 counts, viral loads, and treatment outcomes.

  • HIV
  • cART
  • Solid Tumors
  • Monitoring
  • Treatment

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  1. Terapia antiretrovirale nei pazienti con tumori associati ad HIV Monitoraggio viro-immunologico Dott.ssa Digaetano Margherita Infettivologo Clinica di Malattie Infettive Policlinico di Modena

  2. Quesito Nelle PLWH e neoplasia solida in corso di trattamento chemioterapico o radioterapico il monitoraggio dell efficacia e delle tossicit della terapia cART va eseguito con cadenza semestrale o bisogna intensificarlo allo scopo di identificare precocemente un fallimento o le tossicit ?

  3. Retrospettivo con 196 arruolati (prime diagnosi di cancro nella Johns Hopkins HIV Clinical Cohort(JHHCC) dal 1997 al 2014 Tumori solidi (62%), ematologici (27%), KS (11%) 36,7% con carica virale HIV non soppressa al baseline, 11,7% cART naive

  4. Risultati Il calo iniziale nella conta CD4 nel gruppo >500 cell/ L al baseline stato di 203 cells/ L in media (95%CI, 92-306 cells/ L). Nel gruppo con conta CD4 al baseline di <350 cells/ L stato di 45 cells/ L in media (95% CI, 31- 276 cells/ L) Nei virosoppressi la carica virale HIV non ha mostrato modifiche nel periodo di trattamento (sia nel gruppo trattato con radio/chemio sia nel gruppo che andato incontro a chirurgia) Nei non soppressi l uso di radio e chemioterapia si associato a un calo della media di copie/mL di HIV-VL (da 3311 copie/mL a 1698 copie/mL), calo legato all inizio concomitante della cART

  5. Retrospettivo con 220 arruolati, divisi in 2 gruppi di confronto(PLWH con diagnosi di tumore, PLWH senza diagnosi di tumore). Periodo di arruolamento 2005- 2010, follow up fino al 2013. Ogni tipo di neoplasia stato incluso (eccetto in-situ) Al momento della diagnosi di cancro 83 su 110 (75%) erano in cART ma solo il 55% era virosoppresso (<50 copie/ml) Il gruppo di PLWH con cancro stato trattato nel 95% dei casi (58 pazienti hanno ricevuto chemioterapia, 43 trattamento chirurgico, 41 radioterapia, 16 altro)

  6. Risultati Il gruppo delle PLWH con diagnosi di tumore presentava maggiore incidenza di calo della conta CD4>25% del baseline (48% VS 18% del gruppo di controllo). Nell analisi multivariata l esecuzione di radioterapia e la durata di HIV>11 anni risultavano predittive di tale calo di CD4 mentre non risultavano associate il tipo di tumore, il numero di cicli di chemioterapia e il dato non veniva modificato dall esclusione dei casi deceduti.

  7. Risultati Durante il follow up I criteri per definire il fallimento virologico (due determinazioni consecutive di VL >50 copie/ml) si sono verificati nel 42% dei PLWH con tumore e nel 30% dei controlli. L analisi multivariata ha dimostrato che l appartenenza al gruppo PLWH con tumore non era pi associate al fallimento virologico, fattori protettivi per il fallimento sono risultati la durata del controllo virologico prima della diagnosi di tumore e il tipo di cART (NNRTI come terzo farmaco)

  8. Reference Study Name/ Period 1997- 2014 Study (S) Design Patients N Tumour Type Comparison Outcome Limitations Calkins KL, JAMA. 2020 observational cohort study 196 solid (62%), hematopoie tic (27%), KS (11%) No comparison CD4 count decline in baseline CD4 group >500 cells/ L was 203 cells/ L (95%CI, 92-306 cells/ L). In baseline CD4 count < 350 cells/ L was 45 cells/ L (95% CI, 31-276 cells/ L) For those who were virally suppressed, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy did not change their HIV RNA level compared with surgery or other treatment (immediate change in log10 HIV RNA level, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.58). Those who were unsuppressed had a greater than expected decline in HIVRNA level associated with receipt of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, resulting in a decline from a mean of 3311 copies/mL to a mean 1698 copies/mL -no comparison group -small size -large period of time (differences in HIV clinic and treatment) -heterogeneity in Cancer types and treatments Powles T AIDS 2002 1996- 1999 Prospective observational 20 NHL No comparison Significant decline (50%) CD4,CD19 (B), NK during first 3 mos of CT; Recovery : CD4 1 month after end of CT; CD19 recovery after 3 months -Small size -No comparison -no solid tumors included Alfa-Wali M Ann Oncol. 2012 1986- 2011 Retrospective observational 60 Anal cancer No comparison The median CD4 count fell from 289 cells/ L before CRT to 132 cells/ L after 3 months and to 189 cells/ L after 1 year (P < 0.05) -Small size -No comparison -large period of time (differences in HIV clinic and treatment) Sankatsin g SU, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013 1993- 2008 Retrospective observational 90 Solid tumors Radiotherapy VS no radiotherapy Median first CD4 cell count after stopping RT was 150 (IQR 30 270) 106/L lower compared with baseline. In 13 of the 36 patients receiving RT, CD4 cell counts recovered to baseline, after a median of 469 (IQR 345 595) days. In 35 of the 54 patients without RT, the CD4 cell count recovered to baseline or higher, after a median of 112 (IQR 42 182) days. After 3 years, in 39% of patients who had RT compared with 71% of patients without RT, CD4 cell counts recovered to baseline or higher (P , 0.0001 -small size - large period of time (differences in HIV clinic and treatment) -unknown cancer types and treatments Alfa-Wali M Eur J Cancer. 2011 1986- 2010 Retrospective observational 11 Colorectal cancer No comparison During treatment, median CD4 cell counts fell from 357/mm3 at CRC diagnosis to 199/mm3 -Small size -No comparison -large period of time (differences in HIV clinic and treatment)

  9. Reference Study Name/ Period 1997- 2012 Study (S) Design Patients N Tumour Type Comparison Outcome Limitations Fraunholz IB Dis Colon Rectum. 2014 Retrospective observational 36 Colorectal cancer No comparison The median pretreatment CD4 count significantly decreased from 367 cells/ L to 139 cells/ L, 3 to 7 weeks after completion of chemoradiotherapy (p < 0.001) Subsequently, it increased most notably during the first year (median, 238; range, 77 430 cells/ L). It was still increasing up to 10 years after CRT, but remained lower than before treatment for up to 6 years. The pretreatment viral load was undetectable in 18 patients (50%). It remained undetectable in 14 patients and increased to detectability in 3 patients shortly after CRT (unknown in 1 patient). During the follow-up, the course of the viral load was inconsistent with alternating values in most patients. -Small size -No comparison -large period of time (differences in HIV clinic and treatment) Le Moal G, J Antimicro b Chemothe r. 2015 2005- 2010 retrospective cohort study 220 Any malignancy PLWH with cancer VS PLWH without cancer During this period, 53 of 110 patients (48%) and 20 of 110 (18%) controls experienced a 25% CD4+ depletion compared with the respective baseline value (P<0.0001). In a Cox proportional-hazards regression model, two variables remained predictive of pre-defined CD4+ depletion: exposure to ERT (HR=5.1; 95% CI: 3.0 8.6; P<0.0001), and a >11 year duration of living with HIV (HR=2.0, 95% CI, 1.2 3.3, P=0.007) During follow-up, 44 of 104 patients (42%) and 30 of 101 (30%) controls fulfilled the criteria of virological failure. This difference was no longer significant after adjusting for other baseline characteristics; in the multivariate analysis, only the use of NNRTIs and the duration with undetectable PVL at baseline (>1 year) remained predictive for viral control -small size -retrospective (few data on virological faliures) -heterogeneity in Cancer types and treatments

  10. Linee guida Fonte Monitoraggio CD4+ Monitoraggio HIV-VL Cancer in People Living With HIV, Version 1.2018, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2018 Consider measuring the CD4+ T-cell count more frequently in patients receiving cancer treatments anticipated to cause lymphopenia. [ ]Additional risk beyond that predicted by CD4+ T-cell counts may occur due to effects of cancer-related therapy on immune function More frequent HIV viral load testing (eg, once a month for the first 3 months and then every 3 months) may be needed due to potential interactions between ART and cancer-related drugs leading to decreased effectiveness of ART. European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) Guidelines version 11.1, October 2022 One month after the end of the chemo-or radiotherapy treatment we recommend repeating CD4 counts Societ Italiana di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali (SIMIT), Linee Guida Italiane sull utilizzo della Terapia Antiretrovirale e la gestione diagnostico- clinica delle persone con infezione da HIV-1. Edizione 2017 Monitoraggio immunologico e virologico intensivo nel primo anno post radioterapia

  11. Proposta di raccomandazioni sul monitoraggio viro- immunologico della PLWH con neoplasia solida Eseguire un controllo di conta CD4 e carica virale HIV prima di iniziare qualsiasi terapia antineoplastica e di ripeterli 1 volta al mese per i primi 3 mesi e successivamente ogni 3 mesi. Eseguire monitoraggi mensili della conta CD4 nei pazienti che eseguono radioterapia o che presentano dei valori CD4 <350 cell/ L. Monitoraggio virologico e immunologico intensivo (mensile/bimestrale) nel primo anno post radioterapia.

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