Mood Disorders in Older Adults: Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Older adults are susceptible to mood disorders, with rates of depression and sub-threshold symptoms being prevalent. Various risk factors such as marital status, cognitive impairment, and social isolation contribute to late-life depression. Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors is crucial for effective diagnosis and management in older adults.
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Drive Technologies Hydraulic or Electric? (maybe best of both Worlds exist) a Fluid Power Society NSW presentation Stephen Bartlett Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 1
The Speaker Stephen Bartlett Electrical Apprenticeship Ausgrid Electronics Traineeship Telstra Automation & Robotics Engineer PCA Technical Manager Emerson (Control Techniques) Business Development SEW Eurodrive (Electronics) State Manager Regal (CMG Motors & Drives) National Manager Toshiba (Motors & Drives) Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 2
The Topics Electric Drives what are they? DOL control benefits STARTER control benefits VSD control benefits SERVO control benefits Similarities with Hydraulic Drives Differences with Hydraulic Drives Electric Drive Application Examples Hydraulic/Electric Application Opportunities Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 3
Hydraulic Drives Advantages o Power to weight ratio ~ 10% of the equivalent electric drive o Various forms available allows user to choose a form to suit application o Optional reducer if required is much smaller than electric drive o When driving a common shaft hydraulics simply work in parallel to eliminate torsional forces in the common shaft (eg: feeder application) o Full speed range available without additional measures electric drives require extra cooling and/or de-rating Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 4
Electric Drives DC (brushed, brushless), AC (slipring, induction), PERMAGNET (servomotor, asynchronous) AC Induction Motor characteristics:- o Rated speed o Rated torque o Winding design life ~ 10years (runs hot) o Winding design life ~ 20years (runs warm) o Bearing L10 life ~ 60,000hrs (radial load) o Bearing L10 life ~ 100,000hrs (axial load) o Convert electrical into mechanical energy Standards define mechanicals Standards define efficiencies o 1480rpm 480Nm (75kW) ~ $4,000 buy o 8000hrs per year (77kW x $0.10) ~ $60,000 run Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 5
Electric Drives Electrical Maintenance o Winding system determines insulation life (Class F-155, Class H-180) o If motor used frequently, no measures are needed o If motor stored for long periods, insulation drying may be required Mechanical Maintenance o Ingress system choice determines dust/water protection (IP55, IP56, IP65, IP66) o Paint system choice determines corrosion resistance (enamel, alkyd resin, epoxy, polyurethane) o Fasteners system choice determines fixings life (mild steel, stainless steel) o Bearing lubrication at defined Quantity and Time (1480rpm 75kW 30grams of RL2 every 100days) Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 6
Direct On Line DOL (on/fixed/off), STAR/DELTA (on/on/fixed/off) DOL Starting (Induction Motor) characteristics:- o Current proportional to running torque at fixed speed (50Hz) o Current ranges from no-load to rated-load to over-load values o Current required for starting torque is wasteful (700%) o Energy consumed at no-load to create magnetic field (inefficient mot) o Energy delivered at no-load creates poor power factor (inefficient trans) o No opportunity to vary process speed o No opportunity to limit process torque BENEFIT o Simple Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 7
Soft Starter SOFTSTART (on/ramp/fixed/off) SOFTSTART Starting characteristics:- o Same as DOL with respect to running torque at fixed speed (50Hz) o Current required for starting torque is reduced by reducing the voltage o Low starting torque only suitable for certain loads (centrifugal fans/pumps) o Energy consumed by starter when at speed is wasteful (bypass starter) o No opportunity to vary process speed o No opportunity to limit process torque BENEFIT o Shock loads reduced Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 8
Variable Frequency VSD (on/ramp/vary/ramp/off) VSD Starting (Induction Motor) characteristics:- o Current proportional to running torque at any speed (-100Hz/0Hz/+100Hz) o Current ranges from no-load to rated-load to over-load values o Energy consumed at no-load to create magnetic field (inefficient mot) o Supply transformer Power Factor fixed and is nearly perfect (0.97pf) o Opportunity to vary process speed o Opportunity to limit process torque o Ability to vary/display flow, pressure, etc o Ability to remote monitor/control/calc Standards define interference o EMC (RFI emissions & susceptibility) o Harmonics (power supply distortion) BENEFIT o Process control & energy savings Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 9
Servodrive PERMAGNET (on/ramp/vary/ramp/off) PERMAGNET (Asynchronous Motor) characteristics:- o Current proportional to running torque at any speed (-500Hz/0Hz/+500Hz) o Current ranges from no-load to rated-load to over-load values o Motor flux field established by permanent magnets inside motor (efficient) o Opportunity to vary process speed o Opportunity to limit process torque o Ability to vary/display flow, pressure, etc o Ability to remote monitor/control/calc BENEFIT o Better control & energy savings Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 10
Hydraulic & Electric Drives - Similarities Speed o Hydraulic combined with gear unit typically 12rpm o Electric combined with gear unit (120:1) typically 12rpm Torque o Hydraulic combined with gear unit typically 58,000Nm o Electric combined with gear unit (120:1) typically 58,000Nm (190dia) Actuator o Hydraulic linear (piston rod), rotary (gear unit, chain sprocket) o Electric linear (lead screw), rotary (gear unit, pulley belt) Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 11
Hydraulic & Electric Drives - Differences Size o o Stationary Position o Hydraulic load resists movement when halted (may need a brake) o Electric load requires separate brake to prevent movement (always needed) Responsiveness o Hydraulic high inertia load means slower ramp acceleration rates o Electric inertia reduction via gear unit means fast acceleration rates Speed Range o Hydraulic 0rpm to 6000rpm (constant torque throughout) cooling o Electric 0rpm to 1500rpm (constant torque throughout) cooling/encoder o Electric - 1500rpm to 3000rpm (reducing torque) overspeed Environmental o Hydraulic noise, oil leaks, contamination o Electric clean electricity o Hydraulic hazardous area Ex actuator (power pack located in safe area) o Electric hazardous area Ex motor (VSD located in safe area) Hydraulic Rotary Actuator typically 1/10th the size of equivalent electric Electric Rotary Actuator does not require external power pack Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 12
Hydraulic & Electric Drives - Differences Energy Source o Hydraulic assembled power pack (motor, pump, valves, reservoir, oil, hoses) o Electric power socket (plug, cables) Stability o Hydraulic force variations (temperature, contamination) or closed loop controller o Electric force stability (microprocessor controlled) Peak Loads o Hydraulic system design dictates 100%max capability (continuous) o Electric system design flexibility 250%max capability (ramp up forces) Energy Recovery o Hydraulic braking energy wasted as heat o Electric freewheel braking (friction) no energy recovery o Electric dynamic braking energy (generator) wasted as heat (resistor VSD) o Electric regenerative braking (generator) captured as electricity (grid VSD) Energy Efficiency o Hydraulic convert via POWERPACK via ACTUATOR into torque ~ 70% o Electric convert via VSD via AC MOTOR into torque ~ 98% Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 13
Electric Drives Application Examples Rollers speed controlled mill rollers Unwind/Rewind diameter controlled drum Extruder torque controlled extruder screw Mixer speed control with peak load capability Conveyor speed with synchronising capability Crane speed control with overspeed capability Centrifugal Fan cube law torque characteristic Centrifugal Pump cube law torque characteristic Positive Displacement Pump linear torque type Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 14
Application Example Speed Control Rollers, Mixers, Conveyors, Fans, Pumps, etc No feedback from load required Optional operator station if required Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 15
Application Example Hoist Control Overspeed/Holding Brake Rotational speed feedback from load required Optional operator station if required Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 16
Application Example Diameter Control Unwind/Rewind Surface speed feedback from load required Optional control wiring or FieldBus communication Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 17
Application Example Loadshare Control Loose/Rigid Shaft Synchronisation Rotational speed feedback from load required Optional control wiring or FieldBus communication Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 18
Application Example Synchronised Control Lock/Unlock Synchronisation Rotational position feedback from load required Optional control wiring or FieldBus communication Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 19
Hydraulic/Electric Application Examples VSD Hydraulic Pump o Ability to increase/decrease speed of pump (operator) o Ability to operate in setpoint control automatically (force feedback) o Ability to fine-tune during commissioning (site variables) o Ability to cater for viscosity changes (force feedback) o Ability to alter torque thresholds (flush, production) o Ability to profile speed curves (reduce shock load) o Ability to overspeed on demand (light loads) o Ability to eliminate valving (fewer parts) Fixed Volume Pump Variable Volume Pump Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 20
Combined Hydraulic/Electric maybe the best of both Worlds can create opportunities? Thank You Stephen Bartlett Toshiba International Corporation December 2018 21
