Multiple Competitions in Higher Education: Insights and Trends
Delve into the intricacies of multiple competitions in higher education as discussed in the Peking-Tampere online lecture series. Explore the interrelated dynamics, causes, and impacts of various competitions for scarce goods within the academia. Gain valuable perspectives on the transformation of universities into competitive organizational actors amidst the global trend of increasing metricization. Understand the influence of state, supranational actors, and new public management reforms on shaping competition across different national systems. Discover the role of EU, foundations, and funding environments in fostering competition at various policy levels within higher education institutions.
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Multiple Competitions in Higher Education Peking-Tampere Online Lecture Series on Organization and Management in Higher Education May 16th, 2023, Tampere-Peking Prof. Dr. Georg Kr cken International Center for Higher Education Research INCHER University of Kassel kruecken@incher.uni-kassel.de
Georg Krcken: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education | May 16th, 2023 | Page 2 Introduction and Structure Multiple Competitions: Embeddedness of Different Individual and Collective Actors in Different Competitions for Scarce Goods (Attention, Resources, Reputation, Talent/Employment) in Higher Education Four Causes and Interrelated Dynamics of Multiple Competitions Social Construction of Competitive Actors Research Example and Perspectives Kr cken, Georg, 2021: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education: A Conceptual Approach. In: Innovation: Organization & Management, Vol. 23, No. 2, 163-181
Georg Krcken: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education | May 16th, 2023 | Page 3 Multiple Competitions Based on Four Intertwined Causes and Dynamics State and Supranational Actors Transformation of Universities into (Competitive) Organizational Actors Increasing Competition within Science System Metricization as Overall Trend
Georg Krcken: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education | May 16th, 2023 | Page 4 State and Supranational Actors From Framework for Competition to Imposition of Competition (Naidoo 2018: Competition as Unquestionable Orthodoxy and Natural Order of Things) High Legitimacy of Competition in Different National Systems (Paradeise, Reale, Bleiklie & Ferlie 2009; Bleiklie, Enders & Lepori 2017) New Public Management Reforms as a Worldwide Trend (Kwiek & Kurkiewicz 2012; Pineda 2015; Jung, Horta & Yonezawa 2018) Supranational Actors and Funding Environment: EU, Foundations Competition Breeds Competition at Different Policy Levels (EU/National Level, Federal/State Level etc.)
Georg Krcken: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education | May 16th, 2023 | Page 5 Universities as Organizations: Traditional Accounts State (Hierarchy) und Academic Self-Organization Decision-Making Bodies (Community) as Traditional External and Internal Governance Actors, not the University as an Organization In Higher Education and Organization Research: Universities as Loosely Coupled Systems (Weick 1976) Professional Organizations (Mintzberg 1989) Organized Anarchies (Cohen, March, Olsen 1972) Specific Organizations (Musselin 2007)
Georg Krcken: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education | May 16th, 2023 | Page 6 Comparative Analysis of Universities and University Systems in Europe Showing Strong Differences, but also a Common Characteristic (vs. Organizational Actor) France Nowhere was a university considered as an entity (Musselin 1999: 45) Germany principle of collegiality among departments (vom Bruch 1999: 40) Great Britain strong authority at the bottom (Clark 1983: 128)
Georg Krcken: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education | May 16th, 2023 | Page 7 Universities as (Competitive) Organizational Actors (Kr cken & Meier 2006; Kosm tzky & Kr cken 2015; Whitley 2008; Musselin 2018, 2021; Christensen et al. 2019) Standardized Performance Measurement and Comparison (vs. Black Box of Expert Organization) Individual Organizational Identity (vs. Universities as an Institution) Hierarchical Decision-making Structures (vs. Professional Self-Organization) Organizational Accountability (vs. Organized Anarchy) Openness to External Advice (vs. Church-like Character) Elaboration, Expansion and Differentiation of Formal Structures (vs. Lean Structure) Professionalized Management, Training and Networks
Georg Krcken: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education | May 16th, 2023 | Page 8 Increasing Competition within Science System Competition Among Individuals Deeply Embedded (Hayek 1968; Merton 1957, 1973; Bourdieu 1975) as Compared to Organizational Level Relevance of Funding (Resources and Related Reputation) more Widespread (vs. Latour & Woolgar 1979) Increasing Overall Relevance of Competition, Most Notable Change Concerning Junior Scholars Multiplication of Dimensions of Scientific Competition (Publications, Citations, Third-Party Funding, Societal Impact, External Research Stays etc.); not just Publish or Perish (Merton 1968; Garfield 1996) Construction of Individual Profile and Identity (Reckwitz 2020: The Society of Singularities)
Georg Krcken: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education | May 16th, 2023 | Page 9 Metricization as Overall Trend General Trend in Society (Health, Welfare, Firms, Consumers etc.; see Mau 2019) Affecting States, Universities as Organizations, Individuals in Science and Higher Education through Rankings, Data Banks, and Networks Systematic Internal and External Measurement and Comparison of Individual Units Construction of Competitive Actors, not Simply Out There
Georg Krcken: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education | May 16th, 2023 | Page 10 Social Construction of Competitive Actors Competition Not Anthropologically Given, Important Social Conditions Necessary Framing Processes (Goffman 1974), US Team Sports as Historical Example (Leifer 1988) Competition vs. Direct Conflict (Simmel 1903/2008: Consumers as Third Parties ) Third Parties in the Field of Science and Higher Education: State, Funding Agencies, Evaluators, Rankings, Data Banks, and Networks Dialectics of Individualization and Social Integration through Competition: Increasingly Global Horizon and Comparing the Hitherto Uncomparable Mutual Reinforcement and Dynamics of Competitions and Competitive Actors
Georg Krcken: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education | May 16th, 2023 | Page 11 Research Clusters in Germany as an Empirical Example (Kosm tzky & Kr cken 2023) Broader Changes of Research Governance through Competition Role and Relevance of Research Clusters Fostering of Research Cluster Competition and Cluster-ability of Universities Competition as a Governance Instrument of the State; Shift Towards Competitive Research Funding; Contractualization Clusters as a Highly Valued Scarce Good (Funding and Reputation), Fostering of Research Clusters and Cluster-ability of Professors Universities as Strategic and Competitive Organizational Actors; Contractualization Clusters as a Highly Valued Scarce Good (Funding and Reputation); Strategic and Individualistic Orientation Increased Competition among Individual Academics
Georg Krcken: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education | May 16th, 2023 | Page 12 Research Perspectives Interdisciplinary Research (in particular: Sociology, Economics, Management Studies), DFG-Funded Research Group, https://www.uni- kassel.de/go/FG- multipler-wettbewerb (also in English) Need for International Comparative Studies Continuous Construction of Three Types of Competitive Actors (State, Organizations, Individuals): Reinforcement and/or Conflicts of Actorhood? Competition and Other Forms of Higher Education Governance (Market, Hierarchy, Community): How Do They Relate to Each Other? Beyond Higher Education Research: Relevance for Other Societal Sectors (Public Administration, Nonprofit Sector, Economy)
Georg Krcken: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education | May 16th, 2023 | Page 13 References Bleiklie, Ivar/Enders, J rgen/Lepori, Benedetto (eds.) (2017). Managing Universities: Policy and Oganizational Change in a Western European Comparative Perspective. London: Palgrave Macmillan/Springer. Bourdieu, Pierre (1975). The Specificity of the Scientific Field and the Social Conditions of the Progress of Reason. In: Sociology of Science, 14(6): 19-47. Christensen, Tom/Gornitzka, se/Ramirez, Francisco O. (eds.) (2019). Universities as Agencies: Reputation and Professionalization. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. Clark, Burton R. (1983). The Higher Education System: Academic Organization in Cross-National Perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press. Cohen, Michael D./March, James G./Olsen, Johan P. (1972). A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice. In: Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(1): 1-25. Goffman, Erving (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Hayek, Friedrich A. von (1968/1994). Der Wettbewerb als Entdeckungsverfahren. In: Kieler Vortr ge, Neue Folge, Nr. 56. Wiederabgedruckt in: Friedrich A. von Hayek, Freiburger Studien, 1. Auflage, T bingen: 249-265. Jung, Jisun/Horta, Hugo/Yonezawa, Akiyoshi (eds.) (2018). Researching Higher Education in Asia: History, Development and Future (Higher Education in Asia: Quality, Excellence and Governance). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Georg Krcken: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education | May 16th, 2023 | Page 14 References Kosm tzky, Anna/Kr cken, Georg (2015). Sameness and Difference. In: International Studies of Management & Organization, 45(2): 137-149. Kosm tzky, Anna/Kr cken, Georg (2023). Governing Research. New Forms of Competition and Cooperation in German Academia. In: Sahlin, Kerstin/Eriksson-Zetterquist, Ulla (eds.), Restoring Collegiality: Revitalizing Faculty Authority in Universities (Series: Research in the Sociology of Organizations). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited. In Print Summer 2023. Kr cken, Georg (2021): Multiple Competitions in Higher Education: A Conceptual Approach. In: Innovation: Organization & Management, 23(2): 163-181. Kr cken, Georg/Meier, Frank (2006). Turning the University into an Organizational Actor. In: Drori, Gili/Meyer, John/Hwang, Hokyu (eds.), Globalization and Organization. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 241-257. Kwiek, Marek/Kurkiewicz, Andrzej (eds.) (2012). The Modernisation of European Universities: Cross-National Academic Perspectives. Higher Education Research and Policy Vol. 1. Frankfurt am Main/New York, NY: Peter Lang. Latour, Bruno/Woolgar, Steve (1979). Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. Leifer, Eric M. (1988). Making the Majors: The Transformation of Team Sports in America. Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press. Lofthouse, Stephen (1974). Thoughts on Publish or Perish . In: Higher Education, 3(1): 59-79. Mau, Steffen (2019). The Metric Society: On the Quantification of the Social. Cambridge/Medford, MA: Polity Press. Merton, Robert K. (1957). Priorities in Scientific Discovery: A Chapter in the Sociology of Science. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 635-659.
Georg Krcken: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education | May 16th, 2023 | Page 15 References Merton, Robert K. (1968). The Matthew Effect in Science: The Reward and Communication Systems of Science are Considered. In: Science, New Series, 159(3810): 56-63. Merton, Robert K. (1973). The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Chicago, IL/London: The University of Chicago Press. Mintzberg, Henry (1989). Mintzberg on Management: Inside the Strange World of Organization. New York, NY: Free Press. Musselin, Christine (1999): State/University Relations and How to Change Them: The Case of France and Germany. In: Henkel, Mary/Little, Brenda (eds.), Changing Relationships between Higher Education and the State. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers: 42-68. Musselin, Christine (2007). Are Universities Specific Organisations? In: Kr cken, Georg/Kosm tzky, Anna/Torka Marc (eds.), Towards a Multiversity? Universities between Global Trends and National Traditions. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag, S. 63-84. Musselin, Christine (2018). New Forms of Competition in Higher Education. In: Socio-Economic Review, 16: 657-683. Musselin, Christine (2021). University Governance in Meso and Macro Perspectives. In: Annual Review of Sociology, 47: 305-325. Naidoo, Rajani (2018). The Competition Fetish in Higher Education: Shamans, Mind Snares and Consequences. In: European Educational Research Journal, 17(5), S. 605-620. Paradeise, Catherine/Reale, Emanuela/Bleiklie, Ivar/Ferlie, Ewan (eds.) (2009). University Governance: Western European Comparative Perspectives. Higher Education Dynamics, 25. Dordrecht: Springer.
Georg Krcken: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education | May 16th, 2023 | Page 16 References Pineda, Pedro (2015). The Entrepreneurial Research University in Latin America: Global and Local Models in Chile and Colombia, 1950- 2015. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Reckwitz, Andreas (2020). The Society of Singularities. Cambridge: Polity Press. Simmel, Georg (2008). Sociology of Competition. In: The Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers canadiens de sociologie, 33(4): 957-978. vom Bruch, R diger (1999). Langsamer Abschied von Humboldt? Etappen deutscher Universit tsgeschichte 1810-1945. In: Ash, Mitchell G. (ed.), Mythos Humboldt. Vergangenheit und Zukunft der deutschen Universit ten. Wien: B hlau Verlag: 29-57. Weick, Karl E. (1976): Educational Organizations as Loosely Coupled Systems. In: Administrative Science Quarterly, 21: 1-19. Whitley, Richard (2008). Constructing Universities as Strategic Actors: Limitations and Variations. In: Engwall, Lars/Weaire, Denis (eds.), The University in the Market (Wenner-Gren International Series; Vol. 84). London: Portland Press Ltd.: 23-37.
Georg Krcken: Multiple Competitions in Higher Education | May 16th, 2023 | Seite 17 Thank you for your attention!
