Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery: A Detailed Overview
Explore the fascinating world of nanotechnology in drug delivery, from its origins to modern applications. Learn about nanoparticles, nanodelivery systems, and different types of nanoparticles used in drug delivery. Discover the preparation methods and various technologies involved in this cutting-edge field.
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Presentation Transcript
Nanotechnology in drug delivery Dr. Rakesh Pandey Assistant Professor Department of Botany
Contents: Introduction History Application of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology drug delivery system Mechanism Reference
Nanotechnology Nanotechnology derived from a Greek word Nano means extremely small , technology means method or techniques to use for complete a specific function. The term 'nanotechnology was defined by Tokyo University of science Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974 . Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic or molecular scale . Nanotechnology deals with developing materials , devices or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1to100 nm.
History : In 1980 researchers reported the discovery of 'Bucky Ball a round molecule of 60 atoms of carbon.This led in turn to the 1991 discovery of a related molecular shape known as carbon nanotubes. The structure of carbon nanotubes is formed by a layer of carbon atoms that bonded together in a hexagonal mesh.
Nanodelivery System Nanodelivery System serve as means of diagnostic tools to deliver therapeutic agents to specific targeted sites in a controlled manner. The field of biomedicine comprising nanomedicines,drug delivery, biosensors and tissue engineering has been powered by nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are defined as a solid particles with a size in range of 1 to 100 nm. Targeted drug delivery. They can move freely in the human body than compared to bigger molecule.
Nanoparticles Nanoparticles are of two types- Nanocapsule Nanocapsules are vesicular systems in which the drug is confined to a cavity surrounded by a unique polymeric membrane. Nanosphere Nanospheres are matrix systems in which the drug is dispersed throughout the particles.
Preparation methods of Nanoparticles Nanoparticles can be prepared from different types of such as protein, polysaccharide and synthetic polymers. Protein: Gelatin,Albumin, Lectins ,etc. Polysaccharides: Alginate,Dextron ,Chitosan,Agarose. Synthetic polymers: Poly(e-caprolactone),polylactic acid ,poly styrene. Nanoparticles in drug delivery Liposomes Polymeric micelles Dendrimers Quantum dots Metal nanoparticles silver, gold, platinum, titanium oxide etc.
Liposomes : Liposomes are spherical vesicles having an aqueous core enclosed by one or more phospholipid bilayers. It can load both hydrophobic as well as hydrophilic drug. Polymeric micelles: Amphiphilic copolymers self associated to form a core shell structure in water. Dendrimers : Tree like Molecules with defined cavities.
Quantum dots : It is known to as semiconductor nanocrystals. Diameter range from 2 to 10 nm. Challenges : Prevention of drug from biological degradation. Effective targeting. Patient compliance. Cost effectiveness. Product life extension.
Nanoparticle Synthesis Bottom up approach refers to the build up of a material from the bottom : atom by atom , molecule by molecule. Atomto atom deposition leads to formation of self assembly of atoms/ molecules and clusters. Top down approach refers to slicing successive cutting of a bulk material to get nano sized particles.
How do the Nanoparticles deliver drugs to targeted tissues Normal blood vessels : Cell wall have tight junctions with spaces smaller than the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles carrying drug is not able to enter preventing toxicity to normal tissues. Cancerous blood vessels : Cell wall are dilated with large gaps (200-1200nm) and compromised lymphatic drainage. Highly permeable for nanoparticles up to diameter 400 nm to enter and accumulate at tumor sites .
Reference : Patra JK,Das.G,Fraceto LF .et.al; Nanobased drug delivery systems: recent development and future prospects; Nanobiotechnology: 2018 ,1-33. Rodrigues T,Reket D, Schneider ,P Schneider ,G Counting on natural products for drug design.Nat Chem.2016;8:531. Beutler JA.Nattural products as a foundation for drug discovery.Curr Prot Pharmacol .2009;46 (1):9-11. This content is only for educational purposes.
