Nazi Germany: Hitler's Rise to Power and Totalitarian Regime

Nazi Germany The very basics! How did Hitler become Chancellor? The Depression (6 million jobless) Weaknesses in the Weimar Republic (Prop. Rep, Depression, hatred) Nazi Organisation (SA/Hitler/Propa) Threat of Communism Invited to Chancellor 30th Jan 1933 Nazi Race Theory Nazis superior Aryan Race Blond hair, blue eyes are perfect. Jews/Undesirables are Untermensch and must be removed Nazis and the Church Concordat 1933 truce with Catholics but ended by 1937 Reich Church 1936, Nazi religion with bible/swastika. Replaced protestants 400 Catholics arrested 1937, Bishop Galen opposed Nazis Church schools closed, RE banned Nazi Women Kinde, Kirche, Kuche - Aims 15% of women professionals sacked Lebensborn Aryan baby programme Mothers Cross 8 kids = gold medal Traditional clothing, focus on housework and raising Nazi children In WW2 had to work in factories Undesirables Gypsies 44,000 sent to camps ad 85% of German gypsies killed. Homosexuals No civil rights, sterilised and 15,000 died in camps Disabled 350,000 sterilised and 200,000 euthanised until stopped. Tramps 500,000 sent to camps How did Hitler become Dictator? Reichstag Fire 27th Feb 1933 Emergency Decree 28th Feb 1933 (Civil rights taken away) Enabling Act 23rd March 1933 Trade Unions banned May 1933 Parties banned June 1933 Night of the Long Knives June 1934 (1000 SA leaders & Rohm killed) Death of Hindenburg August 1934 (Hitler becomes Fuhrer) Nazi Economy New Plan Solving Unemployment RAD 18-25 men work for 6 months, built autobahns Conscription 1m men in army Fired Jews/Women Unemployment 0.5m in 1939 Four Year Plan Ready for war Autarky aimed to be self sufficient (reduced imports/built up industry in coal/iron/chemicals) Military spending increased Nazi control of businesses DAF Replaced Trade Unions No strikes/changing jobs Workers lost freedom KDF Work leisure organisation Cheap holidays/trips/leisure 15 million attended trips in 1939 WW2 Economy 1939-40 Success/more resources 1942-43 Total War economy 1944-45 bombing, loss of territory caused shortages and economic crash Nazi Education Teachers Only Nazis allowed Nazi brainwash in lessons Anti- Jew, military success, Anti-ToV PE/History/Race Study important Jews targeted & excluded 1938 Nazi Leadership schools Boys - Military training Girls Domestic science, health biology, motherhood studies Jewish Persecution 1933 Shop boycott & Jews sacked from government jobs 1933 Nuremburg Laws, Jews cannot marry Germans and no longer citizens 1938 Kristallnacht, 20,000 arrested 1940 Ghettos set up in Poland 1941 Einsatzgruppen, 1.5 million Jews shot in Russia/Poland 1942 Wannsee Conference, Final Solution decided to exterminate Jews death camps set up in Poland. 1945 6 million Jews killed, 33% of German Jews killed. Methods of Control: Propaganda Goebbels Propaganda Minister Film 100 films a year, pro Nazi, Triumph of the Will, millions watch Newspapers 5000 shut down, all under Nazi control, Der Sturmer Radio 70% had cheap radio, Speeches played on Loudspeakers Rallies/Events Nuremberg 1934 Events Olympics 1936 Fuhrer Cult Hitler mythical hero Nazi Youth - Boys Hitler Youth 14-18 Compulsory from 1936 and rose to 8 million members. Prepared for army with camps, marching, fighting and party beliefs Less popular in WW2 but many fought in 1945 as last defence. Nazi Opposition Church Martin Niemoller set up Confessional Church & imprisoned More opposition in WW2 Youth Edelweiss Pirates (Jazz/Fought Hitler Youth/killed) and White Rose Group (Students) Army July 1944 Bomb Plot: Army unhappy, Stauffenberg bomb failed, 5746 executed for their part Methods of Control: Fear/Terror Himmler Head of SS The SS loyal Aryan/ infinite power Gestapo - Secret Police, spied on Germans, most feared of terror Concentration Camps From 1933 Judges Oath of loyalty to Hitler Informers Anti Nazi Jokes Nazi Youth Girls League of German Girls, 14-18 Prepared for life in the home cooking, sewing & cleaning Emphasis in fitness and health in preparation for being mothers Girls worked on homefront in WW2 WW2 Women worked, rationing 1943-45 bombing kills 800,000 1945 Total destruction, 3m dead

America The very basics! US after WW1 Blacks Why Immigration US most powerful country Isolationism keeping out of foreign affairs, led to; tariffs, not joining LofN and anti-immigration Jim Crow Laws Segregation in 1920s Daily discrimination and KKK attacks Worst in South, 1.5 million migrated North for a better life -> Ghettos Famous Blacks Louis Armstrong and cultural growth in Harlem (writers/arts) Political Party NAACP for civil rights Still had worst jobs/pay/housing Land of Opportunity US offered freedom of religion/speech etc. Economics more jobs/land Overcrowding, Persecution, Conflict Anti Immigration Laws to reduce: Immigration Quota Act 3%, National Origins Act 2% and no Asians & by 1929 immigration stopped Attitudes to immigrants: Red Scare feared communism, ld to Palmer Raids of E.Europeans Crime blamed for crime, Al Capone example. Sacco/Vanzetti Racism WASPs/KKK prejudice and hated quality of immigrants Jobs blamed for taking jobs but given the worst jobs anyway. Negatives of the Boom 60% of US still lived in poverty Farmers 750,000 bankrupt due to drop in prices/incomes Blacks faced discrimination, worst paid jobs and Ford wouldn't hire and million lost farm jobs Old Industries Coal/Textile industry faced competition which led to closures/unemployment What did boom look like? Age of prosperity 50% increase in production, unemployment dropped to 4%, 35,000 millionaires 26 million cars, 28 million radios Age of the Skyscraper Remember FIMCATS Prohibition Introduced January 1920 Entertainment Film 110 tickets sold weekly, talkie films, Hollywood, Jazz Singer, Birth of a Nation earnt 60million Dancing Charleston & Flappers Jazz Age Louis Armstrong, loved by the young, played in speakeasies Sports Baseball Babe Ruth, Boxing Causes of American Boom Credit Buy now/pay later encouraged spending Natural Resources Huge amount eg oil/wood/land used to fuel boom Republican Presidents Fordney McCumber Tariff, lowered taxes, Laissez Faire New Technologies Electricity and chemicals, rubber for cars Advertising mass marketing to encourage spending Mass Production From Ford, all copied (large scale/low cost=price) Cycle of Prosperity E.g. car industry benefits all other industries. 4 million benefitted from it and worth $1 billion Causes Anti-Saloon League caused social problems (crime/domestic abuse) Businessmen such as Ford thought it was unproductive/inefficient Isolationism drinking German beer was unpatriotic and hurt wheat sales Women's Christian Temperance Union drinking against God s will Failure Ended 1933, but failed from start Crime gangsters like Al Capone took over, illegal trade worth $2 billion Speakeasies Drinking hidden, 20,000 illegal bars in New York Bootleggers & Moonshine Moonshine made at home Police not enough agents to stop it (5000), many took bribes. 10% sacked Corruption Judges/Officials bribed Why did Stock Market Crash 29th October 1929 Wall Street crash Overproduction demand fell so too many goods, profits fell & bankruptcy Tariffs Anti-US tariffs meant companies could not sell abroad. Speculation gambling on stock mark, 600,000 had shares worth 9b. when market crashed on Black Tuesday they brought down banks who they borrowed from Panic loss of confidence led to panic selling, Black Tuesday 16m shares sold Inequality of Wealth boom stopped as poor could not afford new goods. The KKK White Supremacists - WASPs Attacked Blacks, Jews & immigrants Lynched thousands of blacks Membership grew to 5 million in 1925 then fell by 1930s Popularity dropped due to blacks migrating north, negative views of KKK and scandal with leader. Women Fordism 10% more women working but paid less and no management jobs Women could vote Flappers stylish/parties/more freedom but only for middle class and not the poor. Model T , mass produced, $295, 26 millions sold, changed the US Assembly Line belt system to speed up production. 1 car p/m Standardisation identical parts to save money, time and labour Al Capone The Depression Famous criminal, celebrity figure. St Valentines Massacre 1929, helped poor but led organised crime gangs with gambling, alcohol businesses Unemployment 12 million 100,000 companies went bankrupt 4305 banks collapsed Homeless lived in Hoovervilles

Escalation in the 1970s President Nixon promised to end war and get Peace with Honour Vietnamisation 1970 US hoped to leave Vietnam and train up the ARVN to replace the US army. US have $1 billion equipment/training 66% US troops gone by 1971 Vietnamisation a failure ARVN reliant on US help, led to failure in 75 Cambodia 1970 US/ARVN invade to kick out VC and attack Ho Chi Min Trail success Causes Kent State protests Laos 1971 ARVN attacks VC in Laos, fails as too reliant on US support. Highlights failure of Vietnamisation Linebacker I and II Bombing campaign restarted 1971-72 Huge destruction of North and Hanoi the capital it hit 200,000 bombs As a result, North agrees to peace Vietnam The very basics! Vietnam Background Ho Chi Minh leader of Vietminh in North wants communist country. America promises support to France who had Vietnam in empire. VC set up in South Vietnam from 1954 to work for Ho Chi Minh Media War US Tactics 24/7 coverage of the war and no censorship govt. open to criticism People saw My Lai, Tet Offensive, Napalm attacks and Kent State Body Count kill loads to end war Operation Rolling Thunder 65-68 Carpet Bombing, Napalm & Agent Orange of North and VC bases Search and Destroy 1966 Hunt down/destroy VC in South Civilians/US Soldiers killed bad impact on troops/not effective Hearts and Minds Gain support of South by building hospitals and providing support Peace Protests In 1965, 75% supported war then only 39% by 1973. Why protests? Great Society Cost of War Dead/Cost/Impact US Tactics My Lai/Bombing Tet Offensive Types of Protest Burning Draft Cards Student Protests Sit ins/ Veterans Protests 300,000 March Civil Rights MLK, Muhammed Ali Celebrity protests (reduced Fulbright Hearings - 1971 Official enquiry into war Kerry highlighted war a disaster Kent State Massacre 1971 4 students killed protesting invasion of Cambodia led to huge protests Why are we killed our own? Why did the US get involved? Containment/Domino Theory Truman Doctrine: stop communism Cold War aim to fight communism Domino Theory spread from Russia/China to Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and India and then West Fall of France/Dien Bien Phu France quit Vietnam after Dien Bien Phu in 1954 Vietnam Split at Geneva Conference US supports democracy in South to stop North spreading communism Diems Rule 1954-63 Diem corrupt, anti-Buddhist and unpopular despite US support of 16,000 advisors, $4 billion spend and bombing no US troops though 1/3 of South in VC hands Gulf of Tonkin Incident 1964 USS Maddox attacked, President Johnson given legal power to attack North US troops enter 1965 My Lai Massacre March 1968, US troops attack My Lai 400 civilians killed/raped and no VC found footage leaked out Huge anti-war protests, troops seen as babykillers, Lt. Calley imprisoned Turning point on views of war and how it was conducted. Peace VC Tactics January 1973 Peace agreed US leaves Vietnam, North keeps conquered areas of South Election to unite Vietnam organised South unhappy felt vulnerable US leaves Vietnam by March 1975 Guerrilla Warfare Used due to small size of VC. Blended in with villagers, no uniform. Ambush attacks. Hanging onto the belts. Infiltrated US army/cities Ho Chi Minh Trail Through Laos/Cambodia used to provide supplies and men from North/China. Never stopped Tunnels Used as bases/shelter/ambushes 400km all in South - unstoppable Traps Punji Sticks, Bouncing Betty 19% of US casualities Tet Offensive January 1968 North/VC surprise attack 100 cities Hue captured, US Embassy taken for 6 hours shown across the news Huge impact on public/govt. opinion North: lost 45,000 men, could not win by direct attack. US: knew they would never win war and led to more anti-war feeling. Led to start of peace talks Fall of Saigon Methods of Control: Fear/Terror Himmler Head of SS The SS loyal Aryan/ infinite power Gestapo - Secret Police, spied on Germans, most feared of terror Concentration Camps From 1933 Judges Oath of loyalty to Hitler Informers Anti Nazi Jokes The North invades south March 1975 Govt rejects the Presidents wish to help the South ARVN collapses and fails to stop the attack, Saigon is captured and US civilians flee ES embassy North unites whole Vietnam

UNIT 2 Exam Questions Section A Section B America in the 1920s Vietnam & Nazi Germany 4 MARK - 5 minutes 8 MARK - 15 Minutes Source Inference Explain Question Make 2 inferences (what you can work out) from the source and used evidence from the source to back up 3 paragraphs Include at least 3 facts/examples in each paragraph the more specific detail the better No own knowledge needed Always link back to the question 6 MARK - 12 minutes This should be 1 page long at least Explain Cause/Consequence/Attitudes/Aspects Higher marks for chronological order if needed 3 PEEL paragraphs Include 2 facts/details in each Always link back to the question 10 Mark 17 minutes Utility - Why is source X useful in ? 12 MARK 20 minutes 2 sides of A4 Interpretation Do you agree? Paragraph 1 Describe the source and why it s content is useful and limited. Compare/support with own knowledge Paragraph 1 Agree with interpretation & who would agree with it. Must assess why so important Paragraph 2 Disagree and provide another example/explanation that links to question. Must say why so important and not just describe. Paragraph 2 Discuss provenance (Author, Motive, Date) and why this makes the source useful and limited. Compare/support with own knowledge Paragraph 3 & 4 Further disagree points as above Conclusion Overall opinion on how useful, aim for both useful/limited Conclusion Overall opinion, balance with saying you agree/disagree with interpretation.