NOMEN ADJECTIVUM
Latin adjectives play a crucial role in expressing qualities of nouns. They come in different forms based on gender and declensions. Adjectives in Latin typically follow the noun they modify and can change in number, gender, and case to match the noun's form. Explore the grammatical categories and forms of Latin adjectives from the 1st and 2nd declensions, learning the patterns and endings that define their usage.
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NOMEN ADJECTIVUM (ADJECTIVE)
Adjective is a word expressing a quality of a thing: major (large), longus (long), front lis (frontal). Adjectives take inflections to show deference in number, gender, and case. In all Latin terms the position of adjectives is after the noun with which it has grammatical agreement.
The grammatical categories of adjectives There are two great groups of adjectives in Latin according to their endings: the adjectives of the 1stand the 2nddeclension the adjectives of the 3rd declension. Each group of the adjectives is declined according to the corresponding declension of nouns. Adjectives have the same endings as nouns.
THE 1STGROUP OF ADJECTIVES: The adjectives of the 1stand the 2nddeclensions The adjectives of the 1st group have different forms for every gender: masculinum femininum neutrum -us, -er -a -um
THE 1STGROUP OF ADJECTIVES: The adjectives of the 1stand the 2nddeclensions These adjectives are declined on the pattern of the 1stand the 2nddeclensions. masculinum -us, -er (2nddeclension; Gen. sing. -i) femininum -a (1stdeclension; Gen. sing. -ae) neutrum -um (2nddeclension; Gen. sing. -i) Masculine Feminine longa longae Neuter longum longi Nominative longus Genitive longi
THE 1STGROUP OF ADJECTIVES: The adjectives of the 1stand the 2nddeclensions Their dictionary form consists of three components: 1. adjective in the masculine form (-us, -er); 2. the feminine ending (-a); 3. the neuter ending (-um). massetericus, a, um (masseteric)
transversus, a, um (transverse); profundus, a, um (profound), rectus, a, um (straight), caninus, a, um (canine), cavus, a, um (cave), deciduus, a, um (deciduous), enameleus, a, um (enamel), incisivus, a, um (incisive), hypoglossus, a, um (sublingual), cavernosus, a, um (cavernous), bifidus, a, um (bifid), lacteus, a, um (lacteal, milky), clavatus, a, um (clavate), durus, a, um (hard), hyoideus, a, um (hyoid), internus, a, um (internal),
The stem of the 1st group adjectives is obtained from the Nominative form by removing the gender ending: longus transversum externa stem: stem stem: long- transvers- extern-
The adjectives ending in -er right left red black sacral sharp free dexter sinister ruber niger sacer asper liber
Dexter (right) Masculine Feminine Neuter dexter dextra dextrum Dictionary Form: dexter, tra, trum
Sinister (left) Masculine Feminine Neuter sinister sinistra sinistrum Dictionary Form: sinister, tra, trum
Ruber (red) Masculine Feminine Neuter ruber rubra rubrum Dictionary Form: ruber, bra, brum
Liber (free) Masculine Feminine Neuter liber lib ra lib rum Dictionary Form: liber, ra, rum
Dictionary Form Feminine Stem dexter, tra, trum sinister,tra, trum ruber, bra, brum niger, gra, grum sacer, cra, crum dextra sinistra rubra nigra sacra dextr- sinistr- rubr- nigr- sacr- liber, ra, rum asper, era, erum liber- asper- lib ra aspera
THE 2NDGROUP OF ADJECTIVES: ADJECTIVES OF THE 3rdDECLENSION All the adjectives of the 3rddeclension are divided into three groups: 1) Adjectives with three endings. 2) The adjectives with two endings. 3) The adjectives with one ending (one form for all genders).
Adjectives with three endings masculinum femininum neutrum (Gen. sing. -is) (Gen. sing. -is) (Gen. sing. -is) -er -is -e The stem of these adjectives is obtained from the Nominative form by removing the feminine ending: puter, putris, putre (rotten) saluber, salubris, salubre (healthy) stem stem putr- salubr- These adjectives are rarely used.
The adjectives with two endings masculinum, femininum -is neutrum -e Their dictionary form consists of two components: 1. the common masculine and feminine Nominative form (ending in -is); 2. the neuter ending -e. (Gen. sing. -is) (Gen. sing. -is) front lis, e (frontal) dentalis, e (dental) brevis, e (short) buccalis, e (buccal) cranialis, e (cranial) frontalis, e (frontal) cervic lis, e (cervical) occipitalis, e (occipital) labialis, e (labial) cervicalis , e (cervical) facialis, e (facial) gingivalis, e (gingival)
The adjectives with two endings The stem of the 2nd group adjectives is obtained from the Nominative form by removing the gender ending: stem: stem: vertebr l- temporal- vertebr lis tempor lis These adjectives are commonly used.
The adjectives with one ending The Nominative of such adjectives ends with -s, -r, -x. Dictionary form: 1) Nominative form (common for all genders). 2) Genitive ending with the stem part (Gen. sing. -is). simplex, cis simple mult plex, cis multiple teres, tis round par, paris equal duplex, icis double
The adjectives with one ending The stem of such adjectives is obtained from the Genitive form singular by removing the ending. Dictionary form simplex, cis mult plex, cis teres, tis Gen. Singular simpl cis multipl cis ter tis Stem simpl c- multipl c ter t-
Nominative and genitive endings of adjectives Numerus / 1stgroup 2ndgroup Comparatives Casus m f n m f n m, f n -us, 3 endings -er -is -e -um, Singularis N. -er, -a 2 endings -is -e -ior -ius -on 1 ending -s, -x, -r -os G. -i -ae -i -is -(ior)is Pluralis N. -i -ae -a -es -ia -(ior)es -(ior)a G. - rum - rum - rum -ium -(ior)um
According to the 3rddeclension of adjectives decline: Participium praesentis activi (present participle active). Adjectives in the comparative degree.
Participium praesentis activi (present participle active) This form is similar to the one-ending adjectives: recens, entis (fresh) afferens, entis (afferent) permanens, entis (permanent) incipiens, entis (incipient) Participle follows the noun and agrees with it: vas afferens (afferent vessel) dens permanens (permanent tooth)
Adjectives in the comparative degree anterior, anterius (anterior) posterior, posterius (posterior) superior, superius (superior) inferior, inferius (inferior) ductus inferior (inferior duct) linea inferior (inferior line) labium inferius (inferior lip)
Adjectives major, majus (big), minor, minus (small) in anatomical terminology are translated in positive or comparative degree: Ductus sublingual duct) Ductus sublingualis major (major sublingual duct) Foramen palatinum majus foramen) sublingualis (minor (lesser) minor (greater palatine
AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS Adjectives take inflections to show difference in number, gender, and case, and they always agree with the nouns they go with To agree a noun and an adjective means to use them in the same Gender, Number and Case. arteria transversa (transversal artery) succus gastricus (gasrtic juice) tinctura aetherea (tincture etheric) extractum siccum (dry extract)
To agree a noun and an adjective you should: 1. determine gender, number and case of the noun; 2. determine group of the adjective by its dictionary form; 3. agree the adjective and the noun by gender, number and case.
fuscus, a, um (dark) linea, ae, f (line) 1) linea is feminine gender, so adjective should be also in feminine form, 2) with inflection -a in the first group 3) linea fusca (in Gen. sing. lineae fuscae so on). Nota bene!!! There is noun on the first place and adjective on the second terminology. in Latin scientific
Translate from English into Latin the following anatomical terms: 1) mastoid process Process processus: masculine, singular, Nominative. Mastoid mastoid us, a, um: adjective of the 1stgroup. processus mastoideus 2) vertebral foramen Foramen for men: neuter, singular, Nominative. Vertebral vertebr lis, e: adjective of the 2nd group. for men vertebr le
palatinus, a, um sulcus, i m sutura, ae f os, ossis n sulcus palatinus sutura palatina os palatinum (palatine sulcus) (palatine suture) (palatine bone) sublingualis, e nervus, i m plica, ae f os, ossis n nervus sublingualis (sublingual nerve) plica sublingualis os sublinguale (sublingual fold) (lingual bone)
The scheme of an agreed modifier SNAN S Substantivum A Adjectivum N Nominativus
EXERCISES Determine the group of adjectives: asper, era, erum rough brevis, e short circularis, e circular communicans, ntis communicans deciduus, a, um deciduous duplex, icis double durus, a, um hard
EXERCISES Determine the group of adjectives: fibrosus, a, um fibrous hyoideus, a, um hyoid gluteus, a, um gluteus hemiazygos halfpaired medialis, e middle mollis, e soft petrosus, a, um petrosal
EXERCISES Determine the group of adjectives: ruber, bra, brum red sinister, tra, trum left styloideus, a, um styloid tenuis, e thin biceps, bicipitis biceps azygos unpaired
Find the stem of adjectives: acusticus, a, um albus, a, um sapiens, ntis impar, imparis niger, gra, grum senex, senis puter, tris, tre alaris, e bilifer, fera, ferum corticalis, e luteus, a, um pius, a, um viridis, e sternalis, e
Agree adjectives with nouns: apertura, ae f (thoracicus, a, um; minor, us) nervus, i m (hypoglossus, a, um; facialis, e) septum, i n (nasalis, e; osseus, a, um) membrum, i n (liber, libera, liberum; inferior, ius) os, ossis n (hyoideus, a, um; occipitalis, e) pelvis, is f (renalis, e)
Make up Genitive forms of the following adjectives: 1. cervic lis, e 2. internus, a, um 3. sinister, tra, trum 4. simplex, cis 5. osseus, a, um 6. lymphat cus, a, um 7. thorac cus, a, um 8. medius, a, um 9. lumb lis, e 10. later lis, e 11. tempor lis, e 12. vertebr lis, e
