Nominalizations in Hill Mari Syntax: Insights and Diagnostics

Nominalizations in Hill Mari Anastasiia Voznesenskaia, MSU Conference on the Syntax Of Uralic Languages 2017, 27 June

Referential Nominals vs. Argument-Structure Nominals (1) a. the instructor s (intentional) examination of the student b. the frequent collection of mushrooms (by students) c. the monitoring of the wild flowers to document their disappearance d. the destruction of Rome in a day (2) a. the instructor s examination/exam b. John s collections c. these frequent destructions

Referential Nominals vs. Argument-Structure Nominals Grimshaw s diagnostics (Grimshaw 1990): (3) AS-Nominals: a. -assignors, Obligatory arguments b. Event reading c. Agent-oriented modifiers d. Subjects are arguments e. by phrases are arguments f. Implicit argument control g. Aspectual modifiers h. frequent, constant etc. possible without plural i. Mass nouns R-Nominals: a. Non- -assignors, No obligatory arguments b. No event reading c. No agent-oriented modifiers d. Subjects are possessives e. by phrases are non-arguments f. No implicit argument control g. No aspectual modifiers h. frequent, constant etc. possible only with plural nouns i. Count nouns

RNs vs. ASNs: a syntactic approach (4) a. ASNs b. RNs Alexiadou (2001)

Hill Mari: Basic information NP/DP (5) vas a-n Vasya-GEN Vasya s friend t ng- friend-POSS.3SG sentential complements: nominalizations (also converbs and infinitives) nominalizers: -m - and -ma - (6) d r- -n daughter-POSS.3SG-GEN good-GEN ja o-n ku t- m - -m good-GEN dance-NMZ-POSS.3SG-ACC mother know-NPST.3[SG] Mother knows that her daughter dances well. ja o(-n) ku t- ma - -m/ dance-NMN.ACT-POSS.3SG-ACC v p l-

-m- nominals structure: little v adverbial modification: manner adverbs (7) m l m me.DAT.POSS.1SG xovoraj -m - be.ill-NMZ-POSS.3SG I don t like that my friend being ill for a long time. assignment of accusative case (8) noski-m m pid-m -z socks-ACC knit-NMZ-POSS.3SG s nz - -m eyes-POSS.3SG-ACC Knitting of socks has damaged the grandmothers eyesight. t ng-em- n friend.POSS.1SG-GEN long-GEN /*long a-k NEG.NPST-3SG please.CN ku ku - -n/* n/*ku ku kel papa-n grandmother-GEN port - n damage-PRF.3[SG]

-m- nominals structure: Spec,vP-to-Spec,DP wide scope of the adverb modifying the nominalization over it s subject (9) avi-m susuemd- mom-ACC make.happy-NPST.3[SG] [k nam tort- m sometimes cake-ACC . Mom is pleased by the fact that some guests are such that they sometimes bring a cake. . Mom is pleased by the fact that sometimes some guests (not necessarily the same ones each time) bring a cake. [DPk d tid some x na-vl -n guest-PL-GEN kand- m - t ]] bring-NMZ-POSS.3PL SUBJ > k nam k nam >SUBJ

-m- nominals structure: Negation -d - is used for negation in nominalizations (10) t md p l- teacher know-NPST.3[SG] xovoraj -d d -m - be.ill-NEG-NMZ-POSS.3SG The teacher knows that the student is not ill. t men - -n student-POSS.3SG-GEN gi n about -d - is attached before the nominalizer: according to The Mirror Principle (Baker 1985) that means it s lower in syntactic structure

-m- nominals structure: Tense subject of the nominalized clause may be nominative (11) a.pet a pa a-n Petya Pasha-GEN l - m - -m be-NMZ-POSS.3SG-ACC jo karola- t YoshkarOla-IN p l- know-NPST.3[SG] b. pet a Petya p l- know-NPST.3[SG] Petya knows that Pasha lives in Yoshkar-Ola. pa a pa a Pasha jo karola- t YoshkarOla-IN l - m -m be-NMZ-ACC

-m- nominals structure: Tense adverb modification: T level adverbs according to The Universal Hierarchy (Cinque 1999) (12) pi-n sola- t u e u e dog-GEN village-IN already zina mond-en Zina forget-PRF[3SG] Zina forgot that the dog is already waiting outside. v - m - -m wait-NMZ-POSS.3SG-ACC (13) pervi pervi once u itel' teacher The teacher told (the class) that once men wore dresses. puerg -vl -n man-PL-GEN aj t- tell-AOR[3SG] plat don dress ka t-m- m walk-NMZ-ACC with

-m- nominals structure: Tense Raising-to-subject: u e seem case, agreement (14) m n (*- n) me(*-GEN) I seem to be ill. binding: Principles A and B (15) van ai Vanya u -e -NPST.3[SG] Vanyaiseems to himselfito have fallen ill. [m n xovoraj-en be.ill-CVB kolt- m -la] send-NMZ-CMPR u -a-m seem-NPST-1SG k -l n- i/t d -l n*i REFL-DAT-POSS.3SG/he-DAT [cerl n- m -l ] become.ill-NMZ-CMPR

-m- nominals structure: Tense binding: Principle C (16) t d i he u -e seem-NPST.3[SG] Heiseems to have seen an article about Vasya*i. scope (17) k d tid tet -vl some kid-PL sir-en n l-m -l ] write-CVB take-NMZ-CMPR Some children seem to sometimes copy off. [vas'a*igi n Vasya about statja-m article-ACC u -m -la] see-NMZ-CMPR u ite-lan teacher-DAT [k nam sometimes u - -t seem-NPST-3PL (k nam > SUBJ, SUBJ > k nam )

-m- nominals structure: Tense Raising-to-Subject: u e in the nominalized clause agreement (18) [m n (- n) [cerl n- m -l ] me-GEN become.ill-NMZ-CMPRseem-NMZ-POSS.1SG vi-m t rlan kt-a mom-POSS.1SG disturb-NPST.3[SG] My seeming to have fallen ill worries my mom. binding: Principle A (19) [van a-ni k -l n- i Vanya-GEN REFL.OBL-DAT-POSS.3SG u -m - seem-NMZ-POSS.3SG about mom-POSS.3SG Mom says that Vanyaiseems to himselfito have fallen ill. u -m-em] [xovoraj-en kolt- m -la] send-NMZ-CMPR pop- say-AOR[3SG] be.ill-CVB gi n] v -

-m- nominals structure: Tense binding: Principle C (19) [(t d -ni) he-GEN statja-m article-ACC pop- say-AOR[3SG] She says that sheiseems to have seen an article about herselfi/ about Masha*i. [t d kei REFL u -m -la] see-NMZ-CMPRseem-NMZ-POSS.3SG-ACC gi n- / *ma aigi n about-POSS.3SG Masha about u -m - -m] t d i he

-m- nominals structure: Tense scope (20) u itel'- m teacher-ACC n l-m -l ] take-NMZ-CMPR Some children seeming to sometimes copy off annoys the teacher. [k d tid some tet -vl -n kid-PL-GEN [k nam sometimes sir-en write-CVB u -m - t ] seem-NMZ-POSS.3PL de t r- annoy-NPST.3[SG] (k nam > SUBJ, SUBJ > k nam )

-m- nominals structure: plural nominals derived from telic stems can pluralize (21) val a-n tok pozdan Valya-GEN home late v - -m mom-POSS.3SG-ACC Valya s comings home late annoy her mother. nominals derived from atelic stems cannot (22) pa kud pi-n neighbour dog-GEN opt -m -(*vl )- bark-NMZ-PL-POSS.3SG The neighbourhood dog always barking at me annoys me. tol-m -vl come-NMZ-PL-POSS.3SG de t r- -t annoy-NPST.3-PL vl - so always m n - m me-ACC m n - m me-ACC de t r- annoy-NPST.3[SG]

-m- nominals structure: PossP and DP PossP (23) m n' me jur- n n rain-GEN I m waiting for it to rain. v -e-m wait-NPST-1SGrain tol-m - -m go-NMZ-POSS.3SG-ACC jur tol-m- m/ go-NMZ-ACC DP - the universality of DP (for hill mari argued for in Pleshak (2017))

-m- nominals: resulting structure maximal structure of -m - nominalizations

-ma- nominals: the division cannot be derived from atelic stems (24) m n' alina-n me Alina-GEN *m g r- m - -m cry-NMN.ACT-POSS.3SG-ACC hear-PRF-1SG I heard Alina cry. native speakers fall into two groups: R-nominal: [DP[PossP[PlP[nP-ma - [LP]]]]] AS-nominal: at least [DP[PossP[PlP[nP-ma - [vP[LP]]]]]] m g r- m - -m/ cry-NMZ-POSS.3SG-ACC/ kol- n-am

-ma- nominals as ASNs: little v adverbial modification (25) stroitel-vl -n builder-PL-GEN p d rt -ma - t break-NMN.ACT-POSS.3PL neighbor-PL-ACC annoy-NPST.3[SG] The intentional destruction of the house by the constructors annoys the neighbors. (26) stroitel-vl -n kok kok c c builder-PL-GEN two hour p d rt -ma - t pa kud -vl -m break-NMN.ACT-POSS.3SG neighbor-PL-ACC The destruction of the house for more than two hours annoys the neighbours. toma-m house-ACC jori jori intentionally pa kud -vl -m de t r- utla utla more toma-m house-ACC de t r- annoy-NPST.3[SG]

-ma- nominals as ASNs: little v assignment of accusative case (27) plof- m pilaw-ACC kel - please-NPST.3[SG] I like cooking pilaw. t -m make-NMN.ACT m l m me.DAT.POSS.1SG

-ma- nominals as ASNs: little v derivational markers retained (28) a. rvez - n kax r-ma - boy-GEN l d kt-en scare-PRF[3SG] The boy s coughing scared away all the fish. cil fish-ACC kol- m cough-NMN.ACT-POSS.3SG all b. rve s- n (ik g n ) boy-GEN kol- m fish-ACC The boy s coughing (once) scared away all the fish. kax r-alt cough-ATT-NMN.ACT-POSS.3SG alt-ma - cil all once l d kt- scare-AOR[3SG]

-ma- nominals as ASNs: Negation the same marker -d - (30) t md teacher t -d d -m - -m do-NEG-NMN.ACT-POSS.3SG-ACC The teacher knows that Pasha didn t do the homework. also attached before the nominalizer pa a-n Pasha-GEN urok- m homework-ACC p l- know-NPST.3[SG]

-ma- nominals as ASNs: resulting structure lack of data on -ma - nominals -ma - nominals structure: - RNs: [DP[PossP[PlP[nP-ma - [LP]]]]] - ASNs: minimal structure: [DP[PossP[PlP[nP-ma - [vP[LP]]]]]] maximal structure: [DP[PossP[PlP[nP-ma - [NegP[AspP[vP[LP]]]]]]]] Why no TP?: no nominative of subject no T-level adverbs

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