Nutrition Security for the Poor: Bangladesh's Remarkable Progress
Bangladesh has achieved significant poverty reduction over the past decade, with a notable decline in poverty incidence. Despite income growth, malnutrition remains a challenge. The country's progress in improving nutrition security for the poor is highlighted through data and comparisons with other nations, emphasizing the need for continued efforts and interventions to address malnutrition effectively.
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Nutrition Security for the Poor Ahmad Kaikaus, PhD Additional Secretary Power Division 01 November, 2014
Poverty Reduction in the Past Decade Bangladesh made a remarkable record in reducing poverty in the past decade Poverty incidence dropped from 49 percent in 2000 to 32 percent in 2010 About 1.6 million people have escaped poverty every year since 2000 Poverty rate declined modestly between 1995 and 2000, from 51 percent to 49 percent
Households with Functioning Mobile Phone 7 90 81.6 77.2 80 74.1 72.8 70.6 70.2 70.1 70 64.3 Percent of households 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Bangladesh
Does Income Growth Leads to Reductions in Malnutrition? Yes, but effect is modest 10% increase in GNP/PC: 3-5% underweight Percent of underweight children <5 (%) 40 1970's 1980's 1990's 30 20 10 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 GNP per capita in $ (PPP) 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 Source: Haddad et al. 2002; in: Repositioning Nutrition, WB, 2006
If we were to Wait for Income Growth Alone to Achieve the Nutrition MDG: India would likely achieve the MDG in 2067 (3% GDP/PC growth; income/underwt elasticity - 0.3) Bangladesh would achieve the MDG in 2044 (6% GDP/PC growth; income/underwt elasticity - 0.3) Tanzania would achieve it in 2105 (2.1% GDP/PC growth; income/underwt elasticity - 0.3) Source: Repositioning Nutrition, WB, 2006
Malnutrition in Bangladesh is much Higher than Expected, given its National Income 70 Bangladesh 1982-83 1990 60 1990 India 1996-7 50 1998-99 2000 Underweight children (i%) 2005-06 1990 40 2007 1992-93 Vietnam 30 1987 Guatemala 1995 20002004 1998-9 20 1987 2008 2002 1995 1992 Thailand China 10 2005-06 1990 2005 1998 Brazil 1996 2002-3 2006-7 0 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 Gross National Income per capita IFPRI, Global Hunger Index, 2010
Family Welfare Indicator: Percent of people living on less than PPP $1.25/day 70 65.5 60 Percent of population 50 42.4 41.8 38.2 40 35.8 35.6 34.0 31.0 30 20 10 0 Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Bangladesh
Food Energy (calorie) Deficient Households 40 35.3 35 30 Percent of households 25 20 16.5 15 10 5 0 Rural Bangladesh Consuming <2,122 kcal/person/day Consuming <1,805 kcal/person/day
Food Energy (calorie) Share of Rice 14 78 77.0 Percent of total household calorie 76 74 72.2 71.6 72 71.1 71.1 70.6 70.0 70 68 66.4 66 64 62 60 Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Bangladesh
Trends in maternal and child undernutrition, 1996-2007 Source: BDHS data 1996-2007; Chart from HKI, Bangladesh
Anemia & stunting among children 6-23 months old, by per capita expenditure quintile Anemia Stunting 100 60 90 50 80 49 77 76.7 70 * 74.4 44.5 40 % 72.4 71.7 42 60 37.9 50 30 *** 40 27.5 20 30 20 10 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Expenditure quintiles Source: Alive & Thrive Baseline Survey 2010; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 Page 16
Underlying factors matter for stunting: household food security and maternal education Food security Maternal education 60 60 50 50 40 40 % stunted % stunted 30 20 30 10 20 0 10 0 Primary or less Secondary school High school College or higher A&T Bangladesh Baseline Survey, 2010 Page 17
Policy considerations As Bangladesh moves towards a National Nutrition Services approach for nutrition, specific attention is needed to: Address the high levels of anemia among infants and young children through targeted interventions such as micronutrient powders, iron supplements and/or fortification Address stunting among children through a multi-pronged approach that addresses maternal and household factors in addition to direct nutrition-specific interventions 18
AGRICULTURE NUTRITION - HEALTH HEALTH & NUTRITION BENEFITS AGRICULTURE THROUGH: AGRICULTURE BENEFITS NUTRITION + HEALTH THROUGH: Agriculture Productivity Livelihoods Income Employment Risk taking Cognition Education Nutrition Food security Dietary diversity Endurance Gender equity Physical strength Health AGRICULTURE POSES RISKS: Water-related diseases Food-borne diseases Zoonotic diseases
Conceptual Framework Health Enhancing Nutrition along the Value Chain Component 1 Prevention , Control of Ag- Associated Diseases Component 3 Integrated Programs and Policies Component 4 Nutrition Biofortification Component 2 Agriculture Social Behavior Change and Communications All components Availability, access, intake of nutritious, safe foods Knowledge of nutrition, food safety Labor productivity Income and gender equity Risk of AAD RESULT: A better nourished, healthier population, esp. mothers and children < 2
Policy Implications Agriculture alone will not improve nutrition fast enough We have opportunities and examples of success on how to bridge the agriculture-nutrition divide We have challenges Our biggest challenge AND opportunity is to work together - cross-sectorally (how?) We need to do much better at documenting successes and failures; we need the evidence for advocacy, to stimulate investments In Bangladesh we have a momentum, new initiatives, committed government and donors, experienced NGOs, strong research community and partners
