Ontological Commitments and Modeling Choices

Addressing the problem of ontological commitments and the implications of specific modeling decisions, such as choosing between detailed specifications and avoiding commitments, on data reuse and integration. The concept explores the balance between over-committing to a particular ontology and maintaining flexibility for future purposes in metadata annotation and controlled vocabularies.

• Ontology
• Modeling
• Metadata
• Commitments
• Integration

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1. On the problem of ontological commitments and how to address it Pascal Hitzler DaSe Lab for Data Semantics Wright State University http://www.pascal-hitzler.de February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler

2. Names hasName Person xsd:string I need to sort by last name. xsd:string hasFirstName Person xsd:string hasLastName My name is Artur d Avila Garcez . I m Brazilian of Spanish descendancy. My first name is Anna-Maria, but I live in the U.S. and the ID systems didn t accept a hyphen in my name. My name is Pan Ji. What do you mean by last name ? My name actually changed recently ... February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 2

3. Ontological Commitments a.k.a. modeling choices you may regret later February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 3

4. Locations ... hasLong Location ... hasLat I actually need to know the degree of certainty. I don t need an uncertainty value, I need a probability distribution. So with what device was that measured and when? I m working with historical data, how do I specify the prime meridian? February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 4

5. Ontological Commitments Whenever you decide on how to make your metadata keyword annotation controlled vocabularies light-weight taxonomy full-blown ontology You always have to make specific modeling decisions. You can either make detailed specifications (ontological commitments) which will often hinder reuse for new purposes. Or you can avoid the commitments, resulting in ambiguity which cannot really be resolved later, thus also hindering reuse. February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 5

6. Soft Spot Search cost of data integration and reuse few/no ontological commitments many/strong ontological commitments ? ? strength of schema/metadata February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 6

7. Soft Spot Search cost of data integration and reuse few/no ontological commitments many/strong ontological commitments perhaps: a flexible, plug- and playable metadata architecture strength of schema/metadata February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 7

8. Oceanographic Cruise February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 8

9. Cruise as Event February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 9

10. Ontology Design Patterns An ontology design pattern is a reusable successful solution to a recurrent modeling problem. So-called content patterns usually encode specific abstract notions, such as process, event, agent, etc. Patterns provide modular, reusable, replaceable, pieces. Patterns can be configured as a flexible, modular, plug-and-play metadata ecosystem in which patterns can be exchanged as needed. February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 10

11. GeoLink setup User Interface GeoLink Patterns mappings R2R BCO-DMO LTER ... ... February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 11

12. Thanks! www.geolink.org February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 12

13. EarthCube requires Semantic Web studies information integration interoperability conceptual modeling intelligent search data-model intercomparison data publishing support information integration interoperability conceptual modeling intelligent search data-model intercomparison data publishing support February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler Pascal Hitzler, WSU; Krzysztof Janowicz, UCSB 13

14. EarthCube Challenges The EarthCube Architecture must be modular extensible sustainable sliceable (i.e. you can adopt part of it without adopting all) simple enough for easy adoption complex enough to solve real problems scalable in terms of breadth of topic coverage elastic, in that it allows partners to decide how much they want to share respectful of individual modeling choices February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 14

15. Oceanographic Cruise February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 15

16. Roles (Cruise as Event) February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 16

17. Cruise Trajectories February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 17

18. Information Objects February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 18

19. GeoLink We show that our approach meets the mentioned EarthCube challenges, by significantly extenting depth and breadth of topic coverage LDEO: Robert Arko, Suzanne Carbotte, Kerstin Lehnert WHOI: Cynthia Chandler, Peter Wiebe, Lisa Raymond, Adam Shepherd UCSB: Mark Schildhauer, Krzysztof Janowicz, Matt Jones, Yingjie Hu Ocean Leadership: Douglas Fils Marymount Univ: Thomas Narock WSU: Pascal Hitzler, Michelle Cheatham, Adila Krisnadhi UMBC: Tim Finin February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 19

20. References Pascal Hitzler, Frank van Harmelen, A reasonable Semantic Web. Semantic Web 1 (1-2), 39-44, 2010. Prateek Jain, Pascal Hitzler, Peter Z. Yeh, Kunal Verma, Amit P. Sheth, Linked Data is Merely More Data. In: Dan Brickley, Vinay K. Chaudhri, Harry Halpin, Deborah McGuinness: Linked Data Meets Artificial Intelligence. Technical Report SS-10-07, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, California, 2010, pp. 82-86. ISBN 978-1-57735-461-1. Proceedings of LinkedAI at the AAAI Spring Symposium, March 2010. Pascal Hitzler, Krzysztof Janowicz, What s Wrong with Linked Data? http://blog.semantic-web.at/2012/08/09/whats-wrong-with- linked-data/ , August 2012. Krzysztof Janowicz, Pascal Hitzler, Benjamin Adams, Dave Kolas, Charles Vardeman II, Five Stars of Linked Data Vocabulary Use. Semantic Web 5 (3), 2014, 173-176. February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 20

21. References Yingjie Hu, Krzysztof Janowicz, David Carral, Simon Scheider, Werner Kuhn, Gary Berg-Cross, Pascal Hitzler, Mike Dean, Dave Kolas, A Geo- Ontology Design Pattern for Semantic Trajectories. In: Thora Tenbrink, John G. Stell, Antony Galton, Zena Wood (Eds.): Spatial Information Theory - 11th International Conference, COSIT 2013, Scarborough, UK, September 2-6, 2013. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 8116, Springer, 2013, pp. 438-456. Pascal Hitzler, Markus Kr tzsch, Sebastian Rudolph, Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies. Chapman and Hall/CRC Press, 2010. Krzysztof Janowicz, Pascal Hitzler, Thoughts on the Complex Relation Between Linked Data, Semantic Annotations, and Ontologies. In: Paul N. Bennett, Evgeniy Gabrilovich, Jaap Kamps, Jussi Karlgren (eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Exploiting Semantic Annotation in Information Retrieval, ESAIR 2013, ACM, San Francisco, 2013, pp. 41-44. February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 21

22. References Pascal Hitzler, Krzysztof Janowicz, Linked Data, Big Data, and the 4th Paradigm. Semantic Web 4 (3), 2013, 233-235. Krzysztof Janowicz, Pascal Hitzler, The Digital Earth as Knowledge Engine. Semantic Web 3 (3), 213-221, 2012. Gary Berg-Cross, Isabel Cruz, Mike Dean, Tim Finin, Mark Gahegan, Pascal Hitzler, Hook Hua, Krzysztof Janowicz, Naicong Li, Philip Murphy, Bryce Nordgren, Leo Obrst, Mark Schildhauer, Amit Sheth, Krishna Sinha, Anne Thessen, Nancy Wiegand, Ilya Zaslavsky, Semantics and Ontologies for EarthCube. In: K. Janowicz, C. Kessler, T. Kauppinen, D. Kolas, S. Scheider (eds.), Workshop on GIScience in the Big Data Age, In conjunction with the seventh International Conference on Geographic Information Science 2012 (GIScience 2012), Columbus, Ohio, USA. September 18th, 2012. Proceedings. February 2015 Metadata & Semantics Workshop Indianapolis Pascal Hitzler 22