Optimizing User Experience in E-Commerce
Emerging e-commerce services often lack intuitive hierarchical structures, leading to user frustration. This showcase delves into optimizing user exploration in e-commerce products, addressing challenges such as category chaos and query-app pairs. The study presents a 5-step process for enhancing user experience and navigation in the ever-evolving realm of online shopping.
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Succinct Graph Structures and Their Applications Spring 2022 Class 8: Gomory-Hu Trees
Min-Cut Representation A cut is a partitioning of graph vertices into two subsets ? and ? ? The value of a cut is ??? = ? ?(?,? ?)?(?) ? Minimum-cut value ? = min ? ???(?) Minimum ?-? cut ??(?,?)= ? ?,? ?,? ???(?) min ?\S Goal: Succinct representation of all minimum ?-? cuts Efficient computation of all minimum ?-? cuts
Gomory-Hu Tree Given is a graph ? = (?,?,?). A Gomory-Hu tree is a weighted tree ? = (?,? ,?)such that ? ? = ? ? ???,? = ???{?(?) ? ??(?,?)} Special Bonus: computed by applying ? 1 min-cut computations
Example ? ? 1 1 2 3 1 ? ? ? 4 5 ? ? ? 4 1 1 6 ? ?
Min-Cut Follows the Triangle Inequality Lemma 1: ???,? min ???,? ,??(?,?) for every ?,?,? ? ? Case 1: ? ? ???,? ??(?,?) Case 2: ? ? ???,? ??(?,?) ? ? ? = ?\A
Min-Cut Follows the Triangle Inequality Lemma 2: for every sequence [?,?1,?2, ,??,?] it holds that ???,? ??? ???,??,????,??, ,??(??,?) ? ? Proof: repetitive applications of Lemma 1. ? ? ? = ?\A
Tree with ?(?2) Min-Cut Computations Let ? = (?,? ,?) be a ? ? ?(?) clique where ? ?,? = ??(?,?) Compute a maximum spanning tree ? ? Lemma 3: for every ?,?it holds that ???,? = ??? {? ? ? ???,? } Proof: Trivial for ?,? ?.Assume otherwise. By the triangle inequality: ???,? ???{? ?,??,? ?,??, ,?(??,?)} Since ?,? ? ?:???,? ???{? ?,??,? ?,??, ,?(??,?)} As ? is a max spanning tree
Tree with ?(?2) Min-Cut Computations Let ? = (?,? ,?) be a ? ? ?(?) clique where ? ?,? = ??(?,?) Compute a maximum spanning tree ? ? Lemma 3: for every ?,?it holds that ???,? = ??? {? ? ? ???,? } Drawback: requires (?2) min-cut computations. What else?
1 1 3 6 2 5 2 5 3 4 4 6
Nice Properties of Cuts Submodularity: Given a finite set ? , a function ?:?? is submodular if for all ?,? ?? it holds that ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? + ?(? ?) Equivalent Definition (Decreasing marginal value): ?is sub-modular if ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? + ? ?(?)for all ? ?and ? ?. Symmetric: ? ? = ?(? ?)for all ? ?
Nice Properties of Cuts ? In our case graph ?(?,?) and ?:?? where ? ? = ?(?) ? ? Lemma: The cut function is submodular Diagram with all classes of edges (except fully inside ?,?,? (? ?)) ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? = ? + ? + 2? + ? + ? + 2? ? ? ? ? ? = ? + ? + ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? + ? + ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? = ? + ? + 2? + ? + ? ? ? + ?(?) ?
Nice Properties of Cuts A function ?:?? is posi-modular if ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? + ?(? ?) Obs.: Any submodular and symmetric function is posi-modular ? ? + ? ? = ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? =? ? ? + ? ? ? ? = ? ? ? + ?(? ?) The cut function ? ? = ?(?) is posi-modular
The Key Lemma: Non-Crossed Cuts Key Lemma: Let ?(?)be an ?,? minimum-cut in a graph ?. For every ?,? ? there is a min ?,? cut ?(?) in ? where ? ?. ? ? This implies that the min ? ?cut in a graph ? obtained by contracting all nodes in ? ? is the same as the ? ? cut in ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Key Lemma: Let ?(?)be an ?,? minimum-cut in a graph ?. For every ?,? ? there is a min ?,? cut ?(?) in ? where ? ?. Let ?(?) be any ?,? min cut that crosses ?. W.l.o.g. assume that ? ?,? ? and ? ? Case 1: ? ?. ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? + ?(? ?) ? ? submodularity ?(? ?) is ? ? cut ?(? ?) is ? ? cut ? ? ? ?(?) ? ? ? ?(?) ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? + ?(? ?) ? ? ? = ? ? ?
Key Lemma: Let ?(?)be an ?,? minimum-cut in a graph ?. For every ?,? ? there is a min ?,? cut ?(?) in ? where ? ?. Let ?(?) be any ?,? min cut that crosses ?. W.l.o.g. assume that ? ?,? ? and ? ? Case 2: ? ?. ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? + ?(? ?) ? Posi-modularity ? ?(? ?) is ? ? cut ?(? ?) is ? ? cut ? ? ? ?(?) ? ? ? ?(?) ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? + ?(? ?) ? ? ? = ? ? ?
High-Level Intuition Compute an ? ? minimum cut for an arbitrary pair ?,? ? ? ? ? By the key lemma: For every x,y ?, ? ? cut internal in ? For every x,y ?, ? ? cut internal in ?
High-Level Intuition Compute a ? ? minimum cut for arbitrary pair ?,? ? ??(?,?) ? Break the task into two independent computations! ? ? Compute tree ?? for ?? ?? ? ?? ? Compute tree ?? for ?? ?? ??
High-Level Intuition Collapsing a set ? into a vertex ??: For each ? ? add edge (?,??) of weight ? ?,?? = ?,? ? ? ??(?,?) ? ?? ??
High-Level Intuition Compute a ? ? minimum cut for an arbitrary pair ?,? ? ??(?,?) ? Break the task into two independent computations! ? ? ? ??(?,?) ?? Compute tree ?? for ?? ?? Compute tree ?? for ?? ?
Gomory-Hu Algorithm ?(?) = {??} and ? ? = Repeat until all vertices in ? are singletons: Pick a non-singleton ?? ?? 1. Define ? by collapsing each vertex ?? ?? {??} 2. Compute ? ? min-cut ?,? in ? for arbitrarily chosen pair ?,? ? 3. ?? (?,?) ? ?2 ? ?1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Gomory-Hu Algorithm ?(?) = {?} and ? ? = Repeat until all vertices in ? are singletons: 1. Pick a non-singleton v? ?? 2. Define ? by collapsing each vertex ?? ?? ?? 3. Compute ? ? min-cut ?,? in ? for arbitrarily chosen pair ?,? ? 4. Split ? into ??= ? ?and ??= ? ? and add ? ???,???= ?? (?,?) 5. For every earlier edge ??,?? do: If ? ?, replace it with ??,??1(same weight as ??,??) 1. Otherwise, replace with ??,??2 (same weight as ??,??) 2.
Illustration 3 ? ? 1 6 ?,?,?, ?,?,? 2 1 1 ? ? 2 7 ? ? 4 1. Pick ?,? ? 6 ?,? ?,?,?,?
2. Pick ?,? ? 3 ? ? ? 4 6 1 6 2 1 1 ?? ? ? ? 2 2 7 ? ? 4 8 6 ?,?,?,? ? ?
2. Pick ?,? ? 3 3 ? ? ? ? 1 6 1 6 2 2 1 1 ? 1 1 ? ? 2 2 7 ? ? 7 ? ? 4 4 8 6 8 ? ?,?,? ? ?
2. Pick ?,? ? 3 ? 3 ? ? ? 6 1 1 6 2 1 2 1 ? ? 1 1 ? ? 2 2 ? 7 ? 7 ? ? 4 4 8 6 8 ?,? ? ? ? 7 ?
2. Pick ?,? ? 3 3 ? ? ? ? 6 1 1 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 ? ? ? 2 2 7 ? ? 7 ? ? 4 4 6 6 8 8 ? ? ? ? ? 7 ?
Correctness Analysis ?? (?,?)=??(?,?) Claim 1: ?? (?,?) ?2 ? ?1 ? ? ? ? Claim 2: For every edge ?,? ?,? ?? = ??(?,?)
Correctness Analysis Lemma: ???,? = min{ ? ? ? ???,? } Sufficient to show that for every ? = ?,? ?: ? ? = ???,? ? ?(??) = ?(?) (i.e., (V Tv,V ? ??) is a minimum ?-? cut Why?
Correctness Analysis Observation 1: ???,? min{ ? ? ? ???,? } This holds as every edge in ???,? corresponds to a ? ?cut in ? Can be shown by induction on the length of the path. ? ?2 Observation 2: ???,? min{ ? ? ? ???,? } ?1 ?? ? ?
Correctness Analysis Key Claim: For every edge ?,? ?,???,? = ?(?,?) Step ? {?, ,? ?}: Weighted tree ?? Each node ?? ? ?? corresponds to a subset ? of vertices in ?(?) Claim: For every edge ??,?? ?? there exists ? ?,? ?such that ? ??,?? = ??(?,?) Shown by induction on ?
Correctness Analysis Claim: For every edge ??,?? ?? there exists ? ?,? ?such that ? ??,?? = ??(?,?) Base of induction: ?1 has no edges, trivial Induction step ?:Split a super-vertex ?? ?? ?into ?1,?2 ?? (?1,?2) ?? ? ?? ?2 ?? ?? ?? 1 ?1 ?? ? ? ? ?
Correctness Analysis Claim: For every edge ?,? ?? there exists ? ?,? ?such that ? ?,? = ??(?,?) Base of induction: ?1 has no edges, trivial Induction step ?:Split a super-vertex ? ?? ?into ?1,?2 ??(?1,?2) ?? ? ?? ?2 ?? ?? ?? 1 ?1 ?? ? ? ? ? Show that claim is preserved for ?1,? !
Correctness Analysis Induction step ?:Split a super-vertex ? ?? ?into ?1,?2 ??(?1,?2) ?? ?2 ?? ?? ?? 1 ? ? ? ?1 ?? ?(?,?) ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? By induction assumption for ? ?: ? ? and ? ? such that ? ?,? = ?(?,?) If ? ?1 Otherwise, show ? ?? such that: ? ?,? = ???,? = ??? ,? = ?(??,?)
??(?1,?2) ?? By the triangle inequality: ?2 ?? ? ?1 ? ?,?? ???{? ?,? ,? ?,??,?(??,??)} ?? ?? ? By the key lemma: collapsing ?2 does not change value of ?(?,?1) ? ?,?? ???{? ?,? ,?(??,??)} The?? ?? min cut also separates ? and ?, thus ? ?,? ?(??,??) ???,?? ???,? As there is an ? ?? cut of value ???,? ???,?? = ???,?
Implications For any undirected graph there is a pair of nodes ?,? such that there is an ? ?min cut that consists of a singleton node (a.k.a pendant pair). Let G be a graph such that deg(?) ? for all ? ? then there is a pair such that ???,? ? Submodularity and symmetry are sufficient conditions for tree representation with ? 1 computations.
