Permutation Test Partially Supports Altaic Linguistic Macrofamily
Explore the Altaic hypothesis with the help of the permutation test conducted by Alexei S. Kassian and collaborators. Discover the methodology behind wordlist compilation and comparison in the context of Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Korean, and Japonic languages. Access reconstructed wordlists, semantic specifications, and consonant classes data. Available database links for detailed study.
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(Permutation test partially supports the Altaic linguistic macrofamily) Alexei S. Kassian, a.kassian@gmail.com In collaboration with: George Starostin, Anna V. Dybo, Ilya M. Egorov, Ekaterina S. Logunova XV . . , 22 23 2020, ,
Altaic hypothesis Turkic Mongolic Tungusic Korean Japonic Altaic macrofamily?
Swadesh 110-item wordlists reconstructed wordlists: Proto-Turkic Proto-Mongolic Proto-Tungusic Proto-Japonic synchronous wordlist: Middle Korean
Methodology of wordlist compilation Semantic specifications: Kassian et al. 2010. JLR 4: 46 89. Semantic (onomasiological) reconstruction: Kassian, Starostin, Zhivlov. 2015. JIES 43: 301 347. Cognate marking and etymological post-processing: Kassian et al. 2021 (forthcoming). Rapid radiation of the Inner Indo-European languages .
Database Wordlists: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/ d/1Ro- y79nug8Gbp4_hEdJBRlWJz6tEBZ4DRSA HE4reclw/edit#gid=0 Comments: https://docs.google.com/document/d/ 181qEWcXigp0l_OArstK0FJJC2BCg8KPIT 5QHyyAXv2Y/edit#heading=h.yu6p7qcd lubc
Methodology of wordlist comparison Almost the same as in the IE-Uralic test (Kassian et al. 2015. JIES 43) consonant classes bi-consonant skeletons: CC weighted permutation test (Changmai et al. forthc. Circumpolar peoples and their languages ) Holm-Bonferroni correction for multiple testing
Consonant classes P-class (labials) p b f v T-class (dentals) t d S-class (sibilant fricatives) s z -class (sibilant affricates) c Y-class (palatal glides) y W-class (labial glides) w M-class (labial nasals) m N-class (non-labial nasals) n Q-class (lateral affricates) R-class r L-class l K-class (velars & uvulars) k g x q zero-class or H-class h and any vowels
CC-matches between the Altaic wordlists 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. yellow: sia r g - sira 11. worm: ku rt - kora Proto-Turkic - Proto-Mongolic, p = 0.000071 black: kara - kara dry: ku r - kahuray I: bi - bi kill: l - ala long: ur - urtu man: e r - ere seed: ur - h re that: ti - te we: bi - ba
CC-matches between the Altaic wordlists 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Proto-Turkic - Proto-Tungusic, p = 0.000899 I: bi - bi liver: biag r - pa ki many: k - egdi sleep: u - a w that: ti - ta thou: si - si we: bi - bu
CC-matches between the Altaic wordlists 1. 2. Proto-Turkic - Middle Korean, p = 0.574548 bark: ka p - k p that: ti - ty
CC-matches between the Altaic wordlists 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Proto-Turkic - Proto-Japonic, p = 0.000131 bark: ka p - kapa black: kara - k ru I: bi - b sleep: u - i this: k - k we: bi - b what: ne - n
CC-matches between the Altaic wordlists 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. we: ba - bu 11. snake: mogay - m ki 12. thin: nim - nem 13. year: hon - a a Proto-Mongolic - Proto-Tungusic, p < 0.000001 egg: emd ge - umu green: nogoha - og I: bi - bi mouth: ama - am a see: e - i e stone: ila - olo that: te - ta this: e - e tongue: kele - xil
CC-matches between the Altaic wordlists 1. 2. 3. 4. Proto-Mongolic - Middle Korean, p = 0.082684 I: na - na leaf: nab i - ni p that: te - ty this: e - i
CC-matches between the Altaic wordlists 1. 2. 3. Proto-Mongolic - Proto-Japonic, p = 0.072733 black: kara - k ru I: bi - b we: ba - b
CC-matches between the Altaic wordlists 1. 2. 3. 4. Proto-Tungusic - Middle Korean, p = 0.080664 heart: miawan - m m that: ta - ty this: e - i who: - n
CC-matches between the Altaic wordlists 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Proto-Tungusic - Proto-Japonic, p = 0.004814 burn tr.: deg - d k I: bi - b knee: pe - p ns sleep: a w - i water: mu - m we: bu - b near: daga - t k
CC-matches between the Altaic wordlists 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Middle Korean - Proto-Japonic, p = 0.015218 bark: k p - kapa good: tyo h - d many: ma n - mana not: ni - an swim: h y - y that: k - k thou: n - n snake: p y m - p imV
Probabilistic result Probabilities of phonetic matches between five Altaic wordlists obtained by the weighted permutation test. Statistically significant ( =0.05) values are shadowed. Mongolic Tungusic Korean Japonic 7.1 10-5 9 10-4 1.3 10-4 0.575 Turkic < 10-6 0.083 0.073 Mongolic 0.081 0.005 Tungusic 0.015 Korean Pairs between the Nuclear Altaic taxa Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic have either highly significant ( =0.001) or very significant ( =0.01) p-values. Japonic-Turkic: very significant p-value ( =0.01). Japonic-Tungusic: significant p-value ( =0.05). Japonic-Mongolic: insignificant p-value. All pairs which involve Korean have insignificant p-value.
Discussion Genealogical relationship, ancient contacts or chance coincidences? Turkic Mongolic Tungusic. Our opinion: genealogical relationship obscured by subsequent contacts. Turkic Japonic. Contacts are excluded. Thus genealogical relationship or a series of chance coincidences.
