Policy and Planning in Leisure, Sport, and Tourism Sectors

4th Edition Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning A. J. Veal

CHAPTER 16 Policy and Planning in Particular Sectors Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Outline Introduction Sport and other forms of physical recreation Arts, culture, entertainment Outdoor recreation in natural areas Urban outdoor recreation Tourism Events Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Introduction Each sector to be discussed under: scope rationale and policy goals measurement of participation institutional factors planning Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Rationales compared: multiple goals in public leisure policy(Table 16.1) Excellence goal Description Associated professionals/ performers Coaches, professional and/or elite athletes a. Artists, performers, directors, producers Sport/physical recreation Arts/heritage/ entertainment High levels of sport performance a. Excellence in the arts b. Heritage conservation b. Curators, archaeologists O/D recreation natural O/D recreation Urban Tourism Conservation of flora/fauna Horticultural excellence Biologists, ecologists Horticulturalists Any of the above, but mainly participation goal Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Rationales compared: multiple goals in public leisure policy (Table 16.1) Participation goal Description Associated professionals/ performers Sport/physical recreation Arts and entertainment Grassroots Sport for All Public sports facility managers a. Audiences b. Visitors c. Amateur participation a. Facility managers/marketers b. Facility managers/marketers c. Community arts workers O/D recreation natural O/D recreation Urban Tourism Public access Natural area/facility managers Public recreation Urban park managers Tourist numbers/income Tourism managers/marketers Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Measurement data sources surveys England and Australia: Table 16.2 Note sport/physical recreation updates, from 2016 England: Active Lives survey (Sport England) Australia: AusPlay (Australian Sports Commission) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Sport and other forms of physical recreation Scope: sport: competitive/challenging physical activity, ranging from informal to highly formal other physical recreation: e.g. walking, non-competitive cycling or water-based recreation Australian term: activity for exercise, recreation and sport (ERAS) UK term: sport and active recreation (Active People survey) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Sport: policy rationale and goals Goals: mass participation: maximize Sport for All campaign elite success: maximize Rationale/benefits: health community cohesiveness and pride economic development factors (e.g. sport tourism) Trickle down effect : Does it work? Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Sports participation pyramid (Fig. 16.1) Elite National competition Local/regional competition Mass participation Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Sport and selective elitism (Fig. 16.2) International/ national elite Regional/ local elite Mass participation Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Sport: measurement of participation Traditional measure: % participating at least once in previous year Health-related measure: % participating with at least minimum frequency, duration and intensity e.g. at least moderate exercise, for at least 30 minutes, most days N.B. taking account only of health-qualifying activity will not cater for all demand Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Sport: institutional: examples (Table 16.6) Sport organizations Government Commerce International International Federations of Sport International multi-sport organizations (Olympics, Paralympics, Commonwealth Games etc.) World Anti-Doping Agency Professional sports organizations National European Union Multi-national leisure clothing, media corporations, sport management agencies, sponsors National governing bodies of sport/franchises National Olympic and Paralympic Committees Ministries of Sport Sports commissions Universities (in USA) National leisure clothing, media corporations, sport management agencies, sponsors State/provincial/regional State/provincial/regional sport organizations State/provincial governments: ministries of sport and recreation, sports commissions State/provincial media, sport businesses and sponsors Local Sporting clubs Local government parks, sports etc. departments Local sport businesses and sponsors Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Sport: planning All the approaches discussed in Chapter 8 have been applied. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Arts and entertainment Scope: arts/entertainment: performing arts, painting, sculpture, craft activities, literature, architecture /design, film, TV, radio Rationale and goals: public support justified on market failure grounds see Ch. 5 also: growing significance of the cultural industries in the economy Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Arts/entertainment: rationale and goals (contd) Financially profitable sector often classified as entertainment , publicly subsidized sector seen as the arts Some interesting differences between the arts and sport: subsidies often aimed at reducing costs for audiences (spectators) rather than participants amateur has a relatively low status in the arts there is often disagreement about what is considered excellence , and between the popular and excellence Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Arts/entertainment: measuring participation See Table 16.2 + DCMS Taking Part survey Emphasis given to participation as audience + some data on amateur participation Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Arts/entertainment: institutional N.B. many arts organizations are semi-independent statutory bodies/trusts (see Ch. 6). Some income is generated from admissions/box office. Funding also sought from local, state/provincial and national governments to make up the shortfall. Often there is disagreement over whether public funding is to support mass audiences ( popular ) or excellence , which may not be popular. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Arts/entertainment: planning Planning for the arts generally ad hoc rather than systematic Planning guidelines often use the terms cultural planning and cultural industries , with culture defined very widely (e.g. including sport, media) but, in practice, dealing almost invariably with traditional arts Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Outdoor recreation: natural areas Scope: national parks, country parks, forests, coast, footpaths and driving for pleasure /sightseeing and heritage etc. attractions in rural areas Rationale/goals: potentially conflicting goals: conservation of the environment versus recreational access but what is natural ? see, for example, sheep grazing in national parks in UK, and fire- managed outback landscape in Australia Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Outdoor recreation: natural areas (contd) Participation: England Leisure Visits survey covers all leisure trips not including an overnight stay no such survey conducted in Australia Institutional In UK, much countryside outdoor recreation takes place on private property e.g. in large parts of national parks and on public footpaths. As with tourism, the population being planned for is, mostly, not the resident population but visitors (see Fig. 1.3d), giving rise to questions of funding of provision. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Outdoor recreation: natural areas (contd) Planning: designation and zoning processes e.g. wilderness areas with limited human access concentration of recreational use in high-density zones in UK: country parks, state-owned, designed to take pressure off more sensitive areas, such as national parks because most outdoor recreationists are urban dwellers, there is a need for a regional approach to planning, covering urban origins and rural destinations Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Urban outdoor recreation Scope: use of parks, playing fields, playgrounds, squares and plazas provision of urban open space is the largest single public leisure service expenditure item (see Table 1.3 , including parks and part of sport) probably also the most heavily used service (see Box 11.1) Rationale/goals: urban parks created for recreation some larger parks also play a conservation role and botanic gardens play a scientific/horticultural role Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Urban outdoor recreation (contd) Institutional: typically owned/managed by local councils but in large cities, sometimes special agencies: e.g. London: Royal Parks Agency; Australia: Parks Victoria Planning: one of the earliest forms of leisure planning, based on open space standards (see Ch. 8) opportunity for new park provision is often limited in existing urban areas: the emphasis is then on management/design to get the most out of existing provision Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Tourism: scope The people for whom tourism planning is undertaken are not local residents but visitors. A trip involving an overnight stay away from home. Some definitions include day trips. Leisure trips distinguished from business trips. International travel is often high-profile, but domestic tourism is generally the larger sector. Mass tourism versus specific markets, e.g: ecotourism/nature-based cultural tourism meetings, incentives, conventions, events (MICE) urban tourism wine tourism backpacker market sports tourism short breaks Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Tourism: rationale/goals The aim is to maximize the net benefits that residents obtain from tourism to the area Benefits are almost exclusively economic jobs and incomes. Costs include costs of infrastructure, congestion and environmental pressures. Public sector may be a major provider/manager of attractions e.g. beaches, historic sites. Social tourism: holidays for relatively deprived groups in the community arranged by some welfare agencies. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Tourism (contd) Measurement: customs record international arrivals/departures in most countries public bodies fund substantial domestic and international tourism surveys Institutional: promotion of tourism generally in the hands of private sector and public tourism commissions environmental planning generally the responsibility of local councils Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Tourism (contd) Planning: Demand forecasting is a key input. National/state/provincial tourism agencies often set tourism numbers/income targets as part of tourism strategies. Problems can arise with regard to the capacity of tourism sites/areas (see Ch. 11). A key concept is sustainability the idea that tourism should not irreversibly damage the environment, which is often the prime attraction. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts