Political Development in Africa: Decolonization and Independence Phases
Explore the historical sequences of decolonization in Africa from 1945 to 1994, including key events like the Brazzaville Declaration, India's independence, and the end of Portuguese colonialism. Understand the phases of African independence and the growing politicization of society as a consequence of colonial transformation, examining variations across different colonial empires and territories. Dive into specific cases like Côte d'Ivoire and examine the socio-economic conditions and political developments leading to independence.
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UNIVERSITY OF TRIESTE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL & SOCIAL SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA Academic year 2016-17 Lesson three: nationalismand de-colonization
DECOLONIZATION (1945-1994), HISTORICAL SEQUENCES: 1944 BRAZZAVILLE DECLARATION 1947 INDIA INDEPENDENCE 1954 DIEN BIEN PHU 1955 BANDUNG CONFERENCE 1957 GHANA INDEPENDENCE 1974-75 PORTUGUESE COLONIALISM ENDS 1994 FIRST MULTI-RACIAL ELECTIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA sse map 3.1
INDEPENDENCEAS GROWING POLITICIZATIONOF AFRICAN SOCIETY & A CONSEQUENCE OF COLONIAL TRANSFORMATION: ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION SOCIAL CHANGES POLITICAL CHANGES PHASES: INADEQUACY OF CHIEFS AS POLITICAL REPRESENTATIVES NEW AGENTS 1. ETHNIC ORGANIZATION (20s-30s) 2. NATIONAL TRADE UNIONS (30s) 3. NATIONAL PARTIES (40s) 4. LOCAL ELECTIONS WITH RESTRICTED BASES (CONSULTATIVE ASSEMBLIES) 5. TERRITORIAL ELECTIONS WITH ENLARGED BASES (LEGCOs) 6.
VARIATIONS ACROSS THE CONTINENT: 1. BETWEEN COLONIAL EMPIRES FRENCH EMPIRE: FROM TOP TO THE BOTTOM a. SINCE 40s MORE SIMILARITIES THAN DIFFERENCES (EX. RDA) DIFFERENCES RELATED TO THE DEGREE OF ECONOMIC & SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BRITISH EMPIRE: FROM THE BOTTOM TO THE TOP, IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES ACCORDING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF b. VERY EARLY IN CERTAIN CASES TERRITORIES THE ROLE OF ETHNICITY THE ROLE OF SETTLERS
PORTUGUESE EMPIRE, VERY LATE DEPENDING ON: c. POLITICAL SITUATION IN THE HOMELAND: TRANSITION FROM AUTHORITARIANISM TO DEMOCRACY THE COLD WAR FREEDOM MOVEMENTS d. BELGIAN COLONIALISM, VERY LATE: CONGO RWANDA & BURUNDI e. ITALIAN COLONIALISM: AFIS & ERITREA
BETWEEN TERRITORIES CASES: C TE D IVOIRE & CONAKRY GUINEA; KENYA & ZAMBIA 2. C TE D IVOIRE ( see maps): 1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION: PLANTATION SYSTEM & IMMIGRATION 2. 1934 ASSOCIATION POUR LA DEFENSE DES INTERETS DES AUTOCHTONES DE LA C TE D IVOIRE (ADIACI) 3. 1944 SYNDICATE AGRICOLE AFRICAINE (CERCLES BAOULE) 4. 1946 CREATION OF RDA-PDCI 5. AGREEMENT WITH NORTHERN CHEFFERIES INTEGRATION OF NORTHERN IMMIGRANTS 6. 1950 BREAK WITH PCF MODERATE PLATFORM 7. 1957 NEUTRALIZATION OF POLITICAL OPPOSITION (SANWI & BETE) 8. 1960 INDEPENDENCE & SINGLE PARTY
CONAKRY GUINEA (see maps): ECONOMIC, BUREAUCRATIC & SOCIAL UNDERDEVELOPMENT 1. DEEP ETHNIC CLEAVAGES AGV (FULANI) VS. PDG (MALINKE) 2. SEKOU TOURE: FROM THE UNION MANDINGUE TO THE CGT 3. MINING ACTIVITY IN THE 50s GROWING IMPORTANCE OF THE CGT & THE PDG 4. PDG HEGEMONY SINCE 1954 AGAINST FULANI CHEFFERIES 5. RADICALIZATION OF PDG AMONGST VIOLENCE 6. 1958: INDEPENDENCE AGAINST FRANCE 7.
ZAMBIA (see maps): 1933, UNITED AFRICAN WELFARE ASSOCIATION OF NR (NorthernPr.) 1. BSAC FEDERATION OF RHODESIAS & NYASALAND (1953) 2. THE ROLE OF COPPERBELT: MINING HUB TRADEUNIONISM (NRAMU, 1949 MUZ) 3. THE ANC OF NKUMBULA (1951) & THE UNIP OF KAUNDA (1959) 4. 1959 MAJORITY OF LEGCO (FOUNDED IN 1924) MEMBERS ELECTED 5. 1964: CHIEFS ACT 6. INDEPENDENCE (1964) 7. 1972 ONE PARTY-STATE 8.
KENYA (see maps): THE ROLE OF SETTLERS & THE POLICY OF RESETTLING KIKUYU CENTRAL ASSOCIATION (1924) (KIKUYU ASSOCIATION 1919-YKA 1921) 1. KAU (1944-52) 2. 1952-59 MAU-MAUUPRISING 3. 1960 KANU (KENYATTA) & KADU (R. NGALA & ARAP MOI): THE STRUGGLE OVER FEDERALISM VS. CENTRALISM 4. 1961 MAJORITY OF LEGCO MEMBERS ELECTED 5. 1963 INDEPENDENCE 6. 1966 KANU-KPU STRUGGLE & THE MERGER BETWEEN KANU & KADU 7. 1969 DE FACTO ONE-PARTY STATE 8. 1982 ONE-PARTY STATE 9.
NATIONALISM, SOCIALISM & TRIBALISM NATIONALIST PARTIES VS. PATRON PARTIES (SCHACHTER-MORGENTHAU): NATIONALIST PARTIES AS MASS PARTIES PATRON PARTIES AS ETHNIC PARTIES AND/OR ELITE PARTIES (BASED ON LOCAL NOTABLES AND CHIEFS) 1. a. b. ZOLBERGTHESIS:NATIONALIST PARTIES WON ELECTIONS BECAUSE THE FIRST TO ENTER THE ARENA 2. COLEMAN & ROSBERG THESIS: PLURALISTIC-PRAGMATIC VS. REVOLUTIONARY-CENTRALIZED PARTIES 3. APTERTHESIS: RECONCILIATION VS. MOBILIZATION SYSTEMS 4. THE AMBIGUOUS RELATIONS BETWEEN TRIBALISM & NATIONALISM: THE IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL POLITICS TO ATTRACT SUPPORTERS ( THE RURALIZING EFFECTS OF ELECTIONS) 5. SKLARON NIGERIAN PARTIES 6. KATANGA-CONGO: CONAKAT(Conf d ration des associacionts tribales duKatanga) VS. BALUBAKAT-MNC 7.
