Prejudice: Causes, Characteristics, and Reduction Strategies

Prejudice

Basics What is prejudice? Prej vs. stereotypes vs. discrimination Does it have to be negative? Does everyone have it? Does it have to be held by high status group? Is it implicit or explicit or both? Are we aware of our prejudices? Is there a prejudiced personality? How is it measured?

What causes prejudice? Individual difference approaches Dual process models Learning perspectives Evolutionary approaches Motivational approaches Cognitive approaches Threat approaches

Individual differences What characteristics tend to be correlated with prejudice? Are they causes or something else? Is there a prejudiced personality? What does this approach say about reduction?

Dual process approaches How do these models generally explain prejudice? What do they suggest for reduction? Subtle vs. blatant racism (Pettigrew) Modern racism (McConahay) Aversive racism (Dovidio & Gaertner) Ambivalent racism (Katz) Devine s 2 factor model (internal and external motivations to become prejudiced) Benevolent vs. hostile sexism How do you reduce prejudice according to these approaches?

Learning perspectives Social learning theory (Bandura) Where do we learn prejudice? How can we reduce it according to this approach?

From Neuberg & Cottrell, 2006 (example of evolutionary approach) Threat to ingroup Physical safety Cues to threat Large size,male, anger Unclean, deformed Emotion Fear/flight responses Dark, belief in DW moderators Physical health Disgust/avoidance response Contact, PVD, pregnancy, being sick, priming, disgust Competence Have more resources Envy; increase own resources Guilt/justify, help Pity/sympathy Avoidance response Group morality Group functioning due to inability to reciprocate Benefit ingroup Hurt by ingroup disabled Admiration/ Approach response Anger/fight response Reciprocity relations by choice (social coordination, Unfamiliar Eco stress, PWE

Social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1986) What does the theory suggest? What are our social identities? What determines what is salient? What do these social identities do for us? How can we deal with a negative social identity? What determines choice? Other motivational approaches? What do these approaches suggest for change?

Self-categorization theory (Turner et al., 2017) What does this theory suggest? Relation to social identity theory Minimal group paradigm (Tajfel, 1970) What are the consequences of seeing the world as us-them? What does this type of theory suggest for prejudice reduction?

Threat/Intergroup theories Relative deprivation theory (Davis, 1959) Realistic group conflict theory (Sherif, 1966) Robber s Cave study (Sherif, Harvey, White, Hood, & Sherif, 1961) Integrated threat theory (Stephan & Stephan, 2000) Realistic threats Symbolic threats Intergroup anxiety Negative stereotypes How could you reduce prejudice according to this approach?

JSM Model (Crandall & Eshleman, 2003) Which type of theory is this? What does their model say? What is new in this model? What factors lead to GP? Can GP be measured?

Suppression What is suppression? How can you test for suppression? What are sources of suppression? What makes it harder? How can we make it easier?

Justifications What are justifications? How do they relate to suppression? What are examples of justifications? What are some methods of justification? How do you know if something is a justification or a suppression? Pick a group and describe justifications someone might use to rationalize their prejudice toward that group

Integrated Model of Prejudice (Dovidio & Gaertner, 1998) Research by Nail and Harton Liberals vs. conservatives Modern/symbolic racism (McConahay, 1986, Kinder & Sears, 1981) vs. Aversive racism (Gaertner & Dovidio, 1986) How does this fit in with JSM? Is it compatible or contradictory?

Prejudice reduction (Paluck et al., 2021) How effective are prejudice reduction interventions? What are some problems with research in this area? Figure 1 Table 1 What does it mean if light touch interventions show effects? What does it mean if an intervention changes behavior, but not attitudes? Attitudes but not behavior? What does the JSM suggest for reducing prejudice?

Data from Paluck et al., 2021 Type of program Antibias education Diversity training Cognitive/emotional Value consistent Peer influence Social categorization Entertainment Contact Imagined contact d .30 .30 .35 .41 .27 .37 .43 .28 .37 d if n>78 .23 .07 .22 .29 .22 .31 .38 .25 .12

Landmark studies Lowe, 2020 Mousa, 2020 Scacco & Warren, 2018 Broockman & Kalla, 2016; Kalla & Broockman, 2020 Munger, 2017 Chang et al., 2019 Paluck, 2008

Ways to reducecontact Contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954) What are the four conditions? How likely/common are these conditions? Whom do they have the most effect on? Are there times that contact is bad? What about indirect contact? Jigsaw classroom (Aronson)

Ways to reduce--categorization Common in-group identity model (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000) Decategorization vs. recat vs. mutual differentiation vs. nested or cross-cutting identities what should be our goal? Colorblind vs. multi-culturalism

Najdowski, 2023 What did you think of this article? What is stereotype threat (Steele)? How this article show stereotype threat? What are possible effects of ST for Black men? For other groups? What does ST suggest be done to reduce prejudice/discrimination?

Sneetches (Dr. Seuss) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBCUkdd57q c

Next week Paper idea due Turn in and talk about it in class Test a theory; hypothesis; general method Attitudes Chapter in book Current directions (why people reject science) AESP (new approach to change extreme attitudes) PR (attitudes and behavior link) Test due in 2 weeks (No in person class Oct. 4)