Quarry Operator Incident Investigations
"Learn about the importance of incident investigations in the quarry industry. Find out what should be investigated, who should be involved, and the process for notification and actions. Understand the critical role of thorough investigations in maintaining safety and compliance."
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Labour and Marital Negotiations (and Tensions): Comparing Rural India & Bangladesh Data Collection By the India Team and Bangladesh Team (ESRC DFID Grant, Gender Norms, see http://www.cmist.manchester.ac.uk/research/proje cts/gender-norms/) Principal Investigator: Wendy Olsen India PI: Amaresh Dubey India CO-PI: Anup K Mishra India Field Coordinator: Santosh K Singh Bangladesh Pis: Simeen Mahmud, Sohela Nazneen, and Maheen Sultan Analysts: Bidisha (Dhaka Univ Dept of Econ) and Sadiya (BRAC BIGD) June 14, 2016 GIGA Workshop Funded by British Academy 2016 1
Further Acknowledgements & Outline Thank you to remaining Co-PI team, Samantha Watson, Daniel Neff, Kunal Sen and Amaresh Dubey Outline: 1. Introduction and Literature 2. Location, Data, Methods 3. Findings 4. Conclusions in Bourdieuvian Terms 2
The circles in the far north and south of Bangladesh show our villages. 3
India Villages 3 districts of eastern Bihar and western UP, each has 3 villages. These are the lowest GDP per capita areas of both these states. 2 districts of Jharkand, each has 3 villages. 36 households per village, 1 couple per household, all married couples and we also included female heads of their own households. 4
Data Collected Interviews Surveys 45 per country Time use, household demographic roster, attitudes mixed in survey. TIME USE: Diary recall method 1 day recall for the previous day in 15 minute slots We condensed the multinational time-use studies and Hirway s studies in India to 40 codes One hour long Transcribed in local language Translated & typed. NVIVO 5
Vignette 1 from Bangladesh Sufia, who is a widow. She has worked in a masked way for the local NGO, Sushila. The work on the recall-diary day was not paid, per se, but she does actually do paid work for them too. The work on the time diary recall day was to visit people and get them to sign something. Her work for service involves a monthly payment to her. Her work as a paid employee parttime was not shown in the ROLES part of the ROSTER. She works also with mud for road building. This outside heavy work is masked by her statement that she s a housewife in the survey. She had long working hours, 452 minutes of various non-domestic work plus 217 minutes of domestic work on the recall day. 6
2nd Bangla Vignette Next we consider Shafia, who is undernourished. She does household work and Prepares the land , meaning she works in agriculture on crops. She aspires to something different: I wanted something better than this . Her husband was twice her age at marriage. He tells me that I should go to work and he will do the same. [She is bitter here. Although this statement is an example of the directive or instructive voice of the masterful man, it is also a case of real failure of him as a father to support his family, in her view. This is stated implicitly in her interview.] 7
General Situation: Invisibilised Labour Rural Bangladesh Principal Occupation 98% housewife 414/423 Subsidiary Occupation 84% self-employed and 2% salaried, 11% manual labourers Both/Either 23% housewife Time-Use 88% worked using medium definition [standard def n] Rural India Principal Occupation 88% housewife 444/504 Subsidiary Occupation 16% housewife, 12% manual labour, 68% family worker Both/Either 52% housewife, 8% manual labour Time-Use 49% worked using medium definition [standard def n] 8
Definitions used here Housewife role In roster they could state their occupations as one of 9 labour statuses Time spent on prev. day if crop>0|animal>0|manuf>0|tr ade>0|service) >0 This is a tight range of activities. Principal came first. Then after that declaration, they were asked what their subsidiary occupation was. >0 was used here. In Bangladesh we may move to using >60 minutes threshold. 9
Time Use Figures for Men and Women in Bangladesh and India Work is defined below as crop minutes +animal +fish +fruit +rock +build +manuf +trade +service Domestic work is defined below as flour +clean +wash +shop +repair +cook +chcare +teach +care 10
Comparison of the Time-use in 2 Categories (MINUTES PER DAY) India Bangladesh COMMENTS Women Round 1 Crop work 40 min Livestock work 40 minutes Crop work 70 minutes Livestock work 60 minutes Women s work in this area is substantial Men Round 1 Crop work 60 minutes Livestock work 40 minutes Crop work 160 minutes Livestock work 12 minutes Women dominate livestock work of feeding, milking, watering the animals
Attitudes to Work in Bangladesh: A Fundamental Dual Burden Guilt-Producting, Tension- Generating Situation . t a b f 1 _ 3 f 1 _ 4 W h a t m o s t w o m e n r e a l l y w a n t i s a h o m e A p r e - s c h o o l c h i l d s u f f e r s i f t h e m o t h e r w o r k s a n d c h i l d r e n n o t a ( o u t s i d e ) j o b / w o r k ( o u t s i d e ) S t r o n g l y A g r e e N e i t h e r a D i s a g r e e S t r o n g l y T o t a l S t r o n g l y a g r e e 2 0 3 3 2 5 6 0 2 4 6 A g r e e 6 1 4 1 2 2 0 0 1 2 4 N e i t h e r a g r e e n o r d i s 6 8 3 2 7 1 8 1 D i s a g r e e 3 3 1 2 0 3 0 4 8 S t r o n g l y d i s a g r e e 2 0 0 0 1 3 T o t a l 3 6 7 8 8 9 3 6 2 5 0 2 . t a b f 1 _ 9 A m a n s j o b i s t o e a r n t h e m o n e y , a w o m a n s j o b i s t o l o o k a f t e r t h e h o m e a n d f a F r e q . P e r c e n t C u m . S t r o n g l y a g r e e 2 7 1 5 3 . 8 8 5 3 . 8 8 A g r e e 1 0 5 2 0 . 8 7 7 4 . 7 5 N e i t h e r a g r e e n o r d i s a g r e e 2 7 5 . 3 7 8 0 . 1 2 D i s a g r e e 5 6 1 1 . 1 3 9 1 . 2 5 12 S t r o n g l y d i s a g r e e 4 4 8 . 7 5 1 0 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 5 0 3 1 0 0 . 0 0 .
Summary of India discourses Summary of words in 4 interviews in India, all women, 2015. 13
Bangladesh Vignette 3 Also Illustrates Hidden Women s Work Afjar and his wife P live on a char. They have cow and tin roof and a boat. He speaks. My wife is a housewife, she does household chores [ later it emerges she does a huge amount of economic non- domestic work.] Q: You said your wife helps you with your work when your son is not around? A: Yes, for example, when water collects at the base of corn stalks, I ask her to come with me. She helps me with my work for a few hours. Q: She helps you with your work outside the house, do you help her with her chores inside the house? A: Yes, I fetch firewood, or if she is cooking and she needs water, I fetch it for her. She asks for help and I always help her. [Negotiation and kind sharing of work tasks does occur] 15
India Vignette 1, Interview 23 L. Devi lives with her husband and is Hindu, but not ST or SC. She s fifty years old. Her education level is the lowest one. They own a little land <1 hectare. She and her husband reported feeling satisfied with their life in the last six months. They have rented some land out, and in terms of egalitarian attitudes about work, she has average views, close to the social norms. 16
How we code and interpret the interviews (NVIVO is used) If husband earns others are good to me Pg 9 boys don t help from their earnings timely girl marriage prestige issue with girl marriage mnrega (tells how corrupt practice works) NVIVO key words from L. Devi Interview. Feels forced to work. Casual labour. Government not helpful. God is giving or not giving. What everyone thinks is desired Debt Struggle to feed children Struggle Children s comfort is important Hunger Growing wheat Irrigation Husband worries how to pay expenses Neighbour opinion (is not important to me) Argument over water supply Wife scolds husband for not doing little tasks near house. Male breadwinner (bottomof pg 4) Men quarrel women Gov t money was appropriated by villagers If don t work we don t eat Pg 7 Money is coming in kind If god wishes Child education Sari quality Pg 8 17
The Suffering of A Young Woman in India: Vignette 2. The next respondent is Pachiya Devi, who is 32 years old with a migrant husband, hence lives alone. She is a hindu and owns some land (0.5 biswas, hardly any). Her education level is the lowest one. She and her husband report being satisfied with their life in the last 6 months. Her attitudes about women working are average. Pachiya Devi is very worried about her economic situation. She worries that there are no savings and no way to prepare a dowry. She thinks she will fail to get her daughter married off. She wants to marry the daughter very soon. This eldest daughter is only 12 but it s very much in her mind to sort this one out. [WO: I think that she struggles because in her community it s impossible for a poor woman without a husband to accumulate any assets. This is structural. The rates paid for her work are too low. She cannot migrate either.] Her own illness due to an operation on her stomach caused her endless difficulties. She has been made to work by her own poverty. She says she wanted independence for her kids. Education is the key, she says, to get this achievement. She has some bad feelings about the fact that her husband left her. When he left her she had 3 kids already. The neighbours now seem to say bad [criticize] about her working [outside the home]. Had he been here then I wouldn t have to do work [outside the home]. I feel more bad.. he left me . She says anyone who wants to, rebukes her. [this enablement of others to criticize her rests upon the social status ladder. In this ladder the deserted wife is of low ranking.] 18
Mens Work Time in Rural India (North Central, April 2015) 800 600 worksumm 400 200 0 0 200 400 600 workdommminutes 19
Womens Time Use in India Women s Economic Work by Widework (Rural North Central India) social exclusion from paid economic work is visible on the horizontal axis. 600 400 worksumfminutes 200 0 0 200 400 workdomfminutes 600 800 1000 20
Mens Work in Rural Bangladesh 800 600 worksumm 400 200 0 0 100 200 300 400 workdommminutes 21
Womens Work in Rural Bangladesh 1000 800 Minutes Worked In Econ Activity 600 400 200 0 0 200 400 600 800 workdomfminutes 22
Interpreting the Interviews Most of women s work is invisibilised, means making something difficult to perceive. The purdah women follow is a set of Doxa. Doxa are laws of behaviour, or social laws. Social norms are like laws but are known to be less lawlike. It s hard to change and give up the doxa of purdah and there are social and personal costs to changing away from the norms. Habitus is the set of social norms given to us for our behaviour, from which we draw, before we talk or act. Habitus is a social formation at a given time/place. The women s habitus is to be helpful .. and so is the men s now. This men s habitus is a new set of behaviours to be encouraged. But men still own all the assets and have nearly all the urban job opportunities. 23
Interpreting The Situation, pg 2 We construe our data as showing a low structural determination of the gender division of labour in the villages. For public purposes, the work roles of women are invisibilised but in reality in the villages, both within the home and around the paths and fields, the women s work is highly evident to everybody. 24
Sharp Contrasts Are Found However Bangladesh couples had more negotiation, more sharing, and more kindness overall than in rural north Central India so far. Where suffering occurred, it was mixed in Bangladesh with supportive individuals using AGENCY to help and bolster the woman. In India some women had been treated pitilessly, we heard. In Bangladesh in the South, women s labour is needed to supplement men s labour in fishing. 25
