Radionuclides and Atomic Structure
Explore the world of radionuclides and atomic structure, learning about nuclides, radioactive decay, alpha particles, and more. Discover the composition and characteristics of atoms, isotopes, and the role of protons, neutrons, and electrons in forming elements.
Download Presentation
Please find below an Image/Link to download the presentation.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author. If you encounter any issues during the download, it is possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.
You are allowed to download the files provided on this website for personal or commercial use, subject to the condition that they are used lawfully. All files are the property of their respective owners.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author.
E N D
Presentation Transcript
Redionuclides Mr. Jogdand O. K. Department of Environment Sci. Deogiri College, Aurangabad
A nuclide is a general term applicable to all atomic forms of an element. Nuclides are characterized by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, as well as by the amount of energy contained within the atom. A radionuclide is an unstable form of a nuclide. They may occur naturally, but can also be artificially produced. The Office of Air and Radiation has additional information about radioactivity and specific types of radionuclides
An atom consists of an extremely small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. Although typically the nucleus is less than one ten-thousandth the size of the atom, the nucleus contains more than 99.9% of the mass of the atom! Nuclei consist of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons held together by the so-called strong or nuclear force.
The number of protons in the nucleus, Z, is called the atomic number. This determines what chemical element the atom is. The number of neutrons in the nucleus is denoted by N. The atomic mass of the nucleus, A, is equal to Z + N. A given element can have many different isotopes, which differ from one another by the number of neutrons contained in the nuclei. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus equals the number of protons in the nucleus.
The emission of an a particle, or 4He nucleus, is a process called a decay. Since a particles contain protons and neutrons, they must come from the nucleus of an atom. The nucleus that results from a decay will have a mass and charge different from those of the original nucleus. A change in nuclear charge means that the element has been changed into a different element.
Alpha particles two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus. Alpha particles consist of two protons and The symbol for the alpha particle is or 2+. Because they are identical to helium nuclei, they are also sometimes written as He2+ 4 2He2+ indicating a Helium ion with a +2 charge (missing its two electrons). If the ion gains electrons from its environment, the alpha particle can be written as a normal (electrically neutral) Helium atom 4 2He.
Beta particles are negatively charged electrons emitted by the nucleus. Since the mass of an electron is a tiny fraction of an atomic mass unit, the mass of a nucleus that undergoes b decay is changed by only a tiny amount.
Gamma rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation that results from a redistribution of electric charge within a nucleus. A gamma ray is a high energy photon. The only thing which distinguishes a g ray from the visible photons emitted by a light bulb is its wavelength; the g ray's wavelength is much shorter.
radiation: taken into the body through eating,drinking or breathing. radiation: electrons ( and positrons). They travel ~ 3.8 m in air and can penetrate skin. radiation: Human body can be damaged by this radiation. lLead or concrete shielding has to be used for preventing them from harming. radiation:- - They are harmful only when radiation:- - Beta rays consist of radiation:- - They are penetrate matter.
