Reform Movement in 19th Century America
In the 19th century, America saw significant reforms in education, literature, religion, and social issues. From the abolition and women's rights movements to the push for public education and temperance, various reforms shaped the era. Notable events such as the Missouri Compromise and the establishment of public schools reflected the evolving societal values and governance. The transition from the Age of Reason to the Romantic Period influenced literature and intellectual pursuits, emphasizing emotion, intuition, and individualism. Explore the transformative reforms and cultural changes that defined this dynamic period in American history.
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Presentation Transcript
Unit V 1820-1861 Part 1
Review Four Points of Sectional Conflict Nullification Crisis Clay s American System Missouri Compromise (1820) Northwest Ordinance: first federal legislation to outlaw slavery
Reforms Education Literature Religion Utopian communities Abolition Women s Rights Movement Temperance Immigration Prison System Practical Reformers Unions
Also Jacksonian Democracy was considered part of the larger reform movement
Jacksons Administration Began a much bigger reform movement in the United States Demand for more public schools especially in New England and the Midwest Not so practical for the South Westerners did not associate schools with education
The Public School movement is important It was the first major effort in the U.S. which succeeded in linking the power of government to an effort to reform and transform society The Government wanted to wrest education out of the hands of the Church
Massachusetts 1837 First to establish a State Board of Education Horace Mann was the first State School Superintendent 1852 Compulsory Attendance Law
Pennsylvania 1834 Pennsylvania Free School Act: divided the state into districts Districts levied taxes to support schools By the Civil War, most states had begun with free public schooling
Womens (higher) Education 1827 Emma Hunt Willard established the Troy Female Seminary 1837 Mary Lyon established Mt. Holyoke 1841 Oberlin First coed college First integrated college
Literature and the Romantic Period More of a mood than a set of ideas Emphasized: imagination, feeling, emotion, intuition, inspiration, the inner light of an individual, outward zeal for reform A revolt against the Age of Reason
European Influence Rousseau: the father of Romanticism: So long as man preserves the human form, he is fettered by institutions (of civilization ) The German influence: Philosophy of Kant, poetry of Goethe, music of Beethoven The English Influence: Coleridge, Wordsworth, Carlyle
The Americans Irving: Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter Melville: Poe: The Raven Cooper: The Leather Stocking Series Mark Twain: Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn Longfellow: The Village Blacksmith The Legend of Sleepy Hallow Moby Dick
The Transcendentalists (kill me now) Thoreau: Walden, Civil Disobedience Emerson: Nature Self Reliance Whitman: Leaves of Grass Anti organized government, religion, any institution (schools, political party and even reform movements)
The Transcendentalists Stress natural man, intuition, freedom, spiritual distance from society Talked about reform (abolition) but no action In the South: romanticized Southern institutions (slavery) NOTE: about 1/5 whites in South were slave- owners
Religion Unitarians: moved away from Christian doctrine to no doctrine New: Deciples of Christ, Church of Christ Still: The Second Great Awakening Off shoots from other churches: Primative Baptists, Free-will Baptists New surge of revivalism and camp meetings
The Mormons 1823 Joseph Smith visited by a divine being Called Moroni Said, The Lord has work for you to do later Smith was barely literate, not overly religious 1827 Moroni returned, instructed Smith to dig under a tree.
The Mormons Smith dug up book plates inscribed with an ancient language Moroni gave Smith tools to translate with and instructed him to write The Book of the Mormon 11 people who were witnesses to the original plates signed affidavits to verify
By 1830 The Book of the Mormon was published Difficult to find recruits Smith had a small following Did institute polygamy Began to move his small community West
On the Way In Illinois Smith was attacked by a mob and killed Mormons continued West led by Brigham Young Made it to Utah by 1847 where they multiplied and prospered
Utopian Communities Experiments in communal living: people would pool their belongings, share the work and share in the profits (harvest usually) Some Communes were religious (often millenarians) Some were purely secular
The Brook Farm Community Secular Monogamous Lived separately from society Property ownership was communal Strictly voluntary Hawthorne lived there for 2 years
Oneida Community 1850 s Founder John Humphrey Noyes Shared EVERYTHIG Communal marriages, Children
Other Secular Communities Amana Community New York and Iowa in the 1840 s and 1850 s Fruitlands: founder Amos Alcott (father of Louisa May Alcott
Religious Utopian Communities Rappites: Founder George Rapp 1804 Had 600 followers Millenarians Renounced Sex Took the Bible literally Believed the END was at hand
The Shakers Ann Lee: illiterate but effective speaker Died 1784 By 1830 s: 6,000 members in 20 successful Shaker Communities Made furniture Also millenarians Strict separation of the sexes Took in orphans, fed those down on their luck Much singing and dancing
Practical Reformers Dorthea Dix: worked alone for 30 years on behalf of the insane Began in 1841 By 1854 Congress passed a bill to provide federal funds to care for the insane Was vetoed by Pierce who thought funding was unconstitutional but urged charitable giving
Practical Reformers 1851 Thomas Gallaundet: established schools for the deaf in 14 states Dr. Samuel Howe: worked with the blind. Before the introduction of Braille, he devised his own system of raised letters
Other Reforms Flogging was abolished in the navy Prison Reform: 2 model systems: The Auburn System and the Philadelphia System Both were very harsh. Prisoners: absolute silence, no contact with the outside world
The Big Three Temperance Women s Rights Abolition
