Rehabilitation Considerations for Overhead Athletes: Anatomy, Biomechanics, and More
This comprehensive guide delves into the intricacies of shoulder anatomy and biomechanics in relation to overhead athletes, addressing bony and soft tissue adaptations due to repetitive motions. Explore the importance of the kinetic chain and discover specific rehabilitation considerations focusing on strengthening, ROM, and proprioception for optimal performance and injury prevention.
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Medical Microbiology 2022-2023 Lab. 3 By Assistant lecturer Zainab farooq shafeeq
Principle The Gram stain is the most useful and widely employed differential stain in bacteriology. It divides bacteria in to two groups (Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The primary stain is crystal violet. It is followed by treatment with an iodine solution , which function as a mordant , that is , it increase the interaction between the bacterial cell and the dye .
The smear than decolorized by washing with an agent such as 95% ethanol. Gram positive bacteria retain the crystal violet-iodine complex when washed with the decolorize where as gram negative bacteria lose their crystal violet-iodine complex and become colorless. Finally , the smear is counter stained with a basic dye, different in color than crystal violet. This is safranin, the safranin will stain the colorless gram negative bacteria pink but does not alter the dark purple color of gram positive bacteria.
Difference between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria Gram positive bacteria Simple cell wall Gram negative bacteria More complex cell wall Thick peptidoglycan cell wall layer Thin peptidoglycan cell wall layer No outer lipopolysaccharide wall layer Retain crystal violat/iodine outer lipopolysaccharide wall layer Retain safranin Appear (Blue/Purple) Appear (Pink/Red) Teichoic acid absent
Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli
