Reliable Grid Services Overview
This presentation discusses the standards and attributes of common grid services, including energy, reserves, regulation, frequency response, voltage management, and emergency services. It covers performance expectations, electrical attributes, timing aspects, and proposed service definitions. The content includes a review of work plans, service attributes, and upcoming meetings related to grid modernization efforts.
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Presentation Transcript
Common Grid Service Terms NAESB Standards Request R22001 NAESB WEQ-BPS Meeting Presentation 23 August 2022 Reliable Resilient Secure DOE Grid Modernization Laboratory Consortium (GMLC) Grid Modern- ization Rich Brown Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Steve Widergren, Jaime Kolln Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Sustain- able Affordable Flexible 1 23 Aug 2022
Topics Review work plan WEQ-000 changes to be proposed after service attributes are described Review service attributes and additional qualities first Energy service Attributes Additional information: measurement, example operational objectives, origin of service Correspondence with existing service definitions: CAISO, SPP, PJM Reserve service Attributes Additional information: measurement, example operational objectives, origin of service Correspondence with existing service definitions: CAISO, SPP, PJM Next meeting: 7 Sep 2022, 1-4pm Central Homework: participants review an existing energy service and reserve service and describe in common service form 2 23 Aug 2022
Format of Work Product WEQ-000 Grid service name: 1- or 2-word title of the service Description: short (1- or 2-sentence) definition of the service WEQ-xxx Performance expectation: parameters that describe the expected performance delivered Electrical attributes: Electricity-related quantities or qualities (e.g., power, energy, voltage level) over the performance period. Electrical location: the physical location property where the service is delivered in the electric system. Timing attributes: Delivery schedule: period over which the grid service is expected to take place. Delivery schedule notification: timing associated with notification that the delivery schedule for a service is established. Response time: Response time is the allowed elapsed time between the moment when the grid service is to start and the moment when the desired behavior meets the defined threshold for a given grid service. Additional information Performance measurement examples: typical ways the service is measured for verification Example service requestor operational objectives: applications for calling the service Origin of service definition: context or background on why the service exists 3 23 Aug 2022
Proposed Common Services Energy Service Reserve Service Regulation Service Frequency Response Service Voltage Management Service Emergency Service 4 23 Aug 2022
Work Plan Completed: Scope of effort Review state of grid services Drafted the common grid services descriptions for Energy schedule service Reserves service Aug 23: Review common grid services description, attributes, and additional information for Energy service Reserves service Regulation service (if time permits) Review existing grid services and characteristics to common services Sep 7: Review common grid services description, attributes, and additional information for Regulation service Frequency response service Voltage management service Emergency service Sep 27: Prepare draft material of common grid services for industry informal comment Continue mapping of existing grid services Oct ??? Reconcile WEQ-000 standard terminology Address industry informal draft comments (if any) WEQ Committee meeting 18 Oct Refine draft standard consensus recommendation Oct/Nov ??? Review refinements to draft standard Vote recommendation out of committee 5 23 Aug 2022
Energy Service Energy Service: A service where a resource adjusts supply or demand to make energy available at an electrical Service Location over a specified period. (from 8/4 meeting) Performance Expectation Electrical Attributes: Power: the power level of the resource for production or consumption over the performance period. Energy: the quantity of electric energy for production or consumption over the performance period. The agreement can specify the price for a quantity of energy at different power levels (a curve). Electrical location: the physical location where the service is delivered in the electric system. 7 23 Aug 2022
Energy Service (cont.) Performance Expectation Timing Attributes: Delivery schedule: the period of performance describes the start time and end time of the scheduled energy import or export. This can also be specified with a start time and a duration. Delivery schedule notification: The timing associated with notification that the delivery schedule for the energy service is established. For example, the results of a market process are published by specified times and notify the participants of their scheduled delivery of the service. 8 23 Aug 2022
Energy Service (cont.) Additional information Performance Measurement: The energy service agreement specifies how performance is measured. This is usually done with revenue grade meters that measure energy in intervals synchronized to the delivery schedule for the service. Periodic power measurements are also used. Example Service Requestor Operational Objectives: system peak load management, balance energy use with production, manage delivery limitations caused by electric flow constraints. 9 23 Aug 2022
Energy Service (cont.) Additional information Origin of Service Definition: Wholesale markets arrange for scheduled blocks of energy to match anticipated load. These are done in many forms including bilateral agreements between energy suppliers and energy users. They are also done in centrally-managed markets, such as run by independent market operators. In the wholesale situation the price and quantity of energy delivery over the performance period is negotiated ahead of time with information provided to an independent system operator for ensuring reliable system operation. The agreements also stipulate the penalties or fees for non-performance (over or under production and consumption). Most ISO/RTOs have real-time (5-minute to one hour) and day-ahead (next operating day) markets at the wholesale level. They also have real-time and day-ahead demand response energy scheduling programs with programs for retail customers to be able to respond to wholesale electricity prices. Participants are compensated based on the amount of reduction made during the delivery schedule interval. 10 23 Aug 2022
Review Energy Schedule Service Mapping See examples in meeting draft whitepaper for 4 Aug 2022 meeting CAISO SPP PJM 11 23 Aug 2022
Electrical Attributes Timing Attributes Grid Entity/Service Delivery schedule notification Power Energy Service Location Delivery Schedule Amount of energy produced or consumed in each hourly interval in MWh each 24-hour period of the upcoming trading (i.e., operating) day. published at 1pm prior to the start of the trading day CAISO Day-Ahead Scheduled Energy Bid curves consist of MW, $/MWhr quantities producing node and delivering nodes. Amount of energy produced or consumed in each dispatch interval in MWh CAISO Hourly Real- Time Scheduled Energy Bid curves consist of MW, $/MWhr quantities for the upcoming trading (i.e., operating) hour published ~45 minutes prior producing node and delivering nodes. Amount of energy produced or consumed in each dispatch interval in MWh Electrical nodes (ENodes) represent the physical connection points published at 1pm prior to the start of the operating day SPP Day-Ahead Market for Energy Bid curves consist of MW, $/MWhr quantities 24-hour period of the upcoming operating day Amount of energy produced or consumed in each of the real-time dispatch (i.e., schedule) intervals in MWh Electrical nodes (ENodes) represent the physical connection points SPP Real-Time Balancing Market for Energy every 5-minute operating interval in the operating hour not published, 5-minute dispatch decisions Bid curves consist of MW, $/MWhr quantities published at 1:30pm with a brief rebidding period, results are posted at 2:15pm prior to the start of the operating day Amount of energy produced or consumed in each dispatch interval in MWh pricing nodes (pnode) where Locational Marginal Price is calculated each hour of the 24-hour period of the upcoming (i.e., operating) day Bid curves consist of MW, $/MWhr quantities PJM Day-Ahead Energy amount of energy produced or consumed in each of the real-time dispatch (i.e., schedule) intervals in MWh. pricing nodes (pnode) where Locational Marginal Price is calculated Submitted 65 minutes prior for operating hour in 5-minute intervals Bid curves consist of MW, $/MWhr quantities not published, 5-minute dispatch decisions PJM Real-Time Energy
Reserve Service Reserve service: A service where a resource commits to make energy available at an electrical Service Location when called upon over a specified period. (from 8/4 meeting) Performance Expectation Electrical Attributes: Power: the power level of the resource for production or consumption over the performance period. Energy: the quantity of available electric energy held in reserve which could be called upon for import or export. The agreement can specify the price for a quantity of energy at different power levels (a curve) that will be available to be called upon. Electrical location: the physical location or region where the service is delivered in the electric system. 14 23 Aug 2022
Reserve Service (cont.) Performance Expectation Timing Attributes: Delivery schedule: the period of performance describes the start time and end time of the reserve import or export. This can also be specified with a start time and a duration. The service agreement specifies the periodicity of the scheduling agreement (e.g., daily, hourly, 30-minute periods) Delivery schedule notification: The timing associated with notification that the delivery schedule for the reserve service is established. For example, the results of a market process are published by specified times and notify the participants of their scheduled delivery of the service. Speed of response: the quality of the resource to change its operating position over a time interval. This can be measured in amount of time to have the resource available (e.g., 30 minutes), the MW, a percent of reserved quantity per unit time, and/or agreed quantity over an interval. 15 23 Aug 2022
Reserve Service (cont.) Performance Measurement: The reserve service agreement specifies how performance is measured. Energy interval metering may be combined with time stamped power measurements. Example Service Requestor Operational Objectives: System operations uses the concept of reserves to address unplanned situations that regularly occur. These include contingency response from line or generation equipment outages or derations that cause deviations from planned operations. Environmental events may also deviate from planned production from solar or wind generating resources. These deviations may require fast-acting reserves (such as from synchronized generators), slow response reserves (such as from non-synchronized generators that need several minutes to become available). Depending upon the operational situation, reserves may need to be available at different rates. For example, a weather forecast event may have one or more hours for reserves to respond, while a line or generator outage may require a more rapid response time. 16 23 Aug 2022
Reserve Service (cont.) Origin of Service Definition: Power system operators use spinning and non-spinning reserves to maintain reliable balance of supply and demand in the system. Wholesale markets negotiate scheduled blocks of energy reserves to support this need. These are done in ISO/RTO markets, such as those run by independent market operators. In the wholesale situation the price and quantity of power or energy available over the commitment period will be negotiated ahead of time with information provided to an independent system operator for ensuring reliable system operation. The agreements also stipulate the penalties or fees for non-performance. While wholesale markets set prices for operating the resources, the owners relinquish control of their resources to the system operator during the operating period. Demand side resources also participate in many wholesale markets and are used like contingency reserves. That is, aggregated demand response providers may be called upon for various operating situations. They usually have longer contract intervals and notification periods. They may have stipulations on the maximum number of times they are called in a year or season. Their process for determining performance and settlement is different than traditional generation reserve resources. 17 23 Aug 2022
Review Reserve Service Mapping See examples in meeting whitepaper for 4 Aug 2022 meeting CAISO SPP PJM 18 23 Aug 2022
Regulation Service Regulation Service: A service in which a resource provides an increase or decrease in real power production or consumption from an electrical Service Location over a specified scheduled period against a predefined real-power base point following a System Operator s signal. The signal interval is one to several seconds and the associated performance period is of a significantly shorter duration than the typical energy scheduling service performance period. Performance Expectation: Electrical Attributes: Power: the amount of real power change from the resource for increase or decrease over the signal performance period. Power regulation range: an upper and/or lower bound for the change in power level (e.g., in MW) expected over the service period. Power mileage: the amount of power level up and down movement over the service period. It is the sum of the up and down real power level changes. Service location: the physical location or region where the service is delivered in the electric system. 20 23 Aug 2022
Regulation Service (cont.) Performance Expectation: Timing Attributes: Delivery schedule: the start time and end time of the service period. This can also be specified with a start time and a duration (e.g., 1 hour or 4-hour periods). Delivery schedule notification: The timing associated with notification that the delivery schedule for the regulation service is established. For example, the results of a market process are published by specified times and notify the participants of their scheduled delivery of the service. Signal periodicity: the periodicity of the regulation signal (e.g., 2 or 4 seconds). Speed of response: the quality of the resource to change its operating position over the signal period. 21 23 Aug 2022
Regulation Service (cont.) Performance Measurement: The regulation service agreement specifies how real power increase or decrease will be measured to determine performance. Where practical, the real power adjustments are measured at a time interval that aligns with the regulation signal or multiples of the regulation signal intervals. The real power measurement determines the service provider s performance. For most wholesale electricity markets, compensation is based on the market clearing price for regulation services, for the regulation service provided during a given settlement period. Compensation for power mileage may also be based on these measurements. The regulation service is metered reporting real power change in each time step to closely follow the power up/down movement the regulation signal and bounded by the power regulation range committed by the service provider. The ability to closely follow the accuracy of the response can be measured using a metric called performance score or performance index , which is a unit-less quantity between 0 and 1 (or an accuracy percentage between 0 and 100 [FERC 2012]). The calculation method for the performance score metric varies by the RTO/ISO; however, it is typically calculated for each real-time market interval (e.g., 5-min or 15-min) and the average performance score over a certain period is often used to determine the service provider s qualification for service and performance payment. Some RTO/ISOs (e.g., CAISO and MISO) calculate performance scores based on the total deviations from the regulation set point for each four or six second regulation interval (Zhou et al. 2016; Nguyen, T. et al. 2017) or a variation of this concept (NYISO 2020). PJM uses a more sophisticated method, which calculates the performance score in each interval as the average of three components scoring the correlation, delay, and precision between the resource s response and the request signal (Pratt et al. 2020). 22 23 Aug 2022
Regulation Service (cont.) Example Service Requestor Operational Objectives: The regulation service is used to balance small fluctuations in supply and demand in real time (Zhou et al. 2016). In the frequency control continuum (NERC 2011), regulation service falls under the secondary control category i.e., once frequency drop has been arrested by primary control (in seconds), regulation service corrects the deviation (1-10 minutes) to the target value. Origin of Service Definition: Historically, regulation service has been provided by generator units. Generators often provide regulation service in conjunction with energy scheduling service. However, single, large-load, storage, and aggregated demand-side resources were also allowed to participate in the regulation service in some markets (e.g., at PJM and CAISO) in the recent decade or so (Pratt et al. 2020). The resources providing regulation service must be able to respond to regulation signals sent by the system operator periodically - typically one to several seconds (Zhou et al. 2016). Generators adjust their output up or down following the regulation signal; demand resources increase or decrease consumption based on a predetermined basepoint (Pratt et al. 2020). In some RTO/ISO markets in the U.S., separate products are offered for upward vs. downward regulation services, for example at CAISO. In PJM s market the Regulation D signal is a fast, dynamic signal for quick responding resources, whereas Regulation A is a slower signal intended to help recover large, long fluctuations. Mileage is a multiplier in the compensation calculation in some markets. In addition, the mileage contained in service request signals can affect a resource s performance score. 23 23 Aug 2022
Review Regulation Service Mapping Examples need to be documented for jurisdictions such as, CAISO SPP PJM 24 23 Aug 2022
Next Meeting 7 Sep 2022: 1-4pm Central Homework Meeting participants review familiar existing energy services and reserve services into common grid services format 25 23 Aug 2022
Standards Request R22001 Objective: Classify common grid services that accommodate the diverse grid needs in different regions Define common grid service types for wholesale power system interactions Derive commonalities and important variations found in existing grid services Meet near to mid-future needs gathered from major US ISO/RTOs and utilities Accommodate specialization: performance characteristics and expectations Qualification, performance expectations, monitoring, reconciliation, and settlement vary by operational policy of each region But defining common policy is beyond the scope of this proposal Benefits: Consistency: common service-type names, definitions, and performance characteristics eases participation across markets and regions Differentiation: facilitates valuation of resources that provide unique electrical performance (e.g., ramping) or environmental attributes (clean power) Extensibility: foundation for retail-level grid service interactions with flexible, grid-edge resources 27 23 Aug 2022
Service-Oriented Principles Operational objectives describe why a service is used Use cases helpful for describing the desired performance characteristics from a service Examples: schedule energy to meet peak load forecast, or reserve energy for outage contingency Boundaries of responsibility are clearly understood between service requester and provider Service definition says what is to be performed not how Example: generation needs to be at nominal power level 100 MW in 10 minutes and maintained for 1 hour Any equipment type that meets the performance requirement can provide the service Service provider understands what to do, where, and when not why The service requestor s reasons for invoking the service (the operational objectives) are hidden Example: a gas-turbine generator does not need to know it is scheduled for peak-load coverage Benefits Decouples areas of concern - makes integration simpler, cleaner, modular Same service can be used to address multiple objectives Accommodates service provider technology decisions within performance requirements 28 23 Aug 2022
Example Grid Service Types Grid Operational Objectives Provider Operational Objectives Courtesy of Chris Irwin (DOE) and Cortland Johnson (PNNL) 29 23 Aug 2022
Desired Outcome of Effort Classification of a (small) set of grid services Common names for these grid-service types Clear definitions of the service types Parameterized performance expectations (i.e., electrical attributes, timing attributes) Accommodate necessary specialization Effort does NOT, Propose a uniform market policy on services Prescribe a solution for DER integration into wholesale electric markets Specify DER management technology or platforms 30 23 Aug 2022
