Renal replacement therapy (RRT) plays a crucial role in managing acute and chronic kidney conditions. This treatment article covers indications, different modalities like hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, and the role of conservative care in older patients with comorbidities. Explore the importance of RRT in maintaining electrolyte balance and fluid levels, as well as the considerations for choosing the most suitable option for each patient.
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Lymphatic System Lymphatic vessels are tubes that assist the cardiovascular system in the removal of tissue fluid from the tissue spaces of the body. The lymphatic system is essentially a drainage system, with no circulation. Lymphatic vessels are found in all tissues and organs of the body except cartilage, bone, the CNS, the eyeball, the internal ear, and the epidermis of the skin. The lymphatic organs They are the lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and spleen. Lymphatic organs are essential for the immunologic defenses of the body against bacteria and viruses. The organs serve to produce lymphocytes; act as barriers to pathogens; and, in the case of the spleen, filter the blood.
Lymphatic System Lymph is a clear, colorless fluid that is collected from tissues throughout the body. It consists of a liquid portion and a cellular portion that is composed mainly of white blood cells (primarily lymphocytes). Lymph is collected in a vast network of vessels and eventually mostly returned to the venous system. The lymphatic system consists of two major components: lymphatic organs and lymphatic vessels Its key functions include: 1-Maintains fluid levels in our body. 2-Absorbs fats from the digestive tract. 3-Protects the body against foreign invaders. 4-Transports and removes waste products and abnormal cells from the lymph.
Lymph capillaries form a network of fine vessels that drain lymph from the tissues. The lymph capillaries are larger and more irregular than blood capillaries, possess few valves, and are present in most locations where blood capillaries are found. The lymph capillaries are united to form larger collecting vessels. The collecting vessels usually present a beaded or knotted appearance because of the presence of numerous valves along their course. The valve cusps are directed so as to allow lymph flow only toward the heart. lymphatic trunks or ducts. Before lymph is returned to the bloodstream, it passes through at least one lymph node and often through several. The lymph vessels that carry lymph to a lymph node are referred to as afferent vessels; those that transport it away from a node are efferent vessels.
Large accumulation of fluid is referred to as lymphedema. Almost all lymph eventually drains into the venous system. Lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body (head, neck, upper limb, and the trunk above the umbilicus) drains into several trunks, which independently enter the venous system on the right side. Sometimes, these vessels unite to form a single right lymphatic duct that then drains into the venous system. Thoracic duct, which empties into the left side of the venous system. The cisterna chyli (is dilated sac forming the origin of the thoracic duct), possesses few, if any, valves.
Lymphatic system Parts of the lymphatic system? Primary lymphoid organs are sites where lymphocytes mature and become immune- competent - B cells in bone marrow and T cells in the thymus. Secondary lymphoid organs or peripheral lymphoid tissue, they include lymph nodes, spleen, and diffuse lymphoid tissues.
Thymus The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ in which T lymphocytes proliferate and mature before distribution to peripheral lymphoid tissues. It generates a diverse population of T lymphocytes that respond to foreign antigens, but not to self- antigens. The thymus continues to enlarge up to puberty but then undergoes a slow involution becoming replaced by adipose tissue.
Lymph Node A small bean-shaped encapsulated structure that is part of the body s immune system. Lymph nodes filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid. They are connected to one another by lymph vessels. Clusters of lymph nodes are found in the neck, axilla , chest, abdomen, and groin. For example, there are about 20-40 lymph nodes in the axilla. Also called lymph gland.
Tonsils Tonsils are mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) found in the underlying connective tissue surrounding the upper part of the pharynx. These diffuse nodules are named according to their location. The tonsils are immune- competent organs which serve as the immune system's first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens.
Spleen The spleen is a soft mass of lymphatic tissue that occupies the left upper part of the abdomen between the stomach and the diaphragm. It lies along the long axis of the 10th left rib. It is the largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body. It contains two morphologically and functionally distinct compartments: Red pulp - filters the blood of foreign material and old or damaged red blood cells White pulp - site of immune reactions to blood-borne antigens. The spleen is also a storage site of red blood cells, platelets, and iron.
