Research Methods and Proposal Guidelines

PELATIHAN PELATIHAN PERUMUSAN MASALAH PERUMUSAN MASALAH PENELITIAN PENELITIAN Sindung Haryanto

Research Research Question Question Literature Literature Review Review Publish Publish Finding Finding The Research Cycle Data Data Analysis Analysis Research Research Design Plan Design Plan Data Data Gathering Gathering

KRITERIA MASALAH PENELITIAN 1. MENARIK (SEXY) 2. AKTUAL 3. COVERAGE (MAGNITUDE) 4. UNIQUENESS 5. FEASIBEL ( WAKTU, BIAYA, TENAGA, AKSES) 6. NOVELTY 7. KONTRIBUTIF (ILPENG., KEHIDUPAN)

BAGAIMANA MEMILIH MASALAH? KRITERIA MSLH 1 MSLH 2 MSLH 3 MSLH 3 DST.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Penelusuran Penelitian Sebelumnya Duplikasi Penelitian Perkembangan Penelitian Sebelumnya/terkait Proposal Penelitian Review Profil Peneliti Check 1. Penelitian sangat orisinil (baru sama sekali) 2. Penelitian sudah ada namun memiliki kebaruan (novelty) 3. Penelitian sudah dilakukan di tempat lain Basis data E-journal dan sitasi Kesimpulan

Contoh Kasus Review Proposal Judul Penelitian Uji Potensi ekstrak Daun Pepaya dan Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya) sebagai larvasida terhadap Larva nyamuk Anopheles, sp Di Kabupaten Jayapura, Papua Data Base Jurnal Indonensia (Garuda) Data Base DOAJ Data Base Scopus Data Base Kemenristek dikti Data Base E-resources PNRI Pubmed JSTOR Springer 1. Penelitian sangat orisinil (baru sama sekali) 2. Penelitian sudah ada namun memiliki kebaruan (novelty) 3. Penelitian sudah dilakukan di tempat lain

Beberapa Kelemahan Proposal Tidak Menggunakan Sumber Primer (Jurnal/Conference) Database E-Journal Pustaka Yang digunakan Tidak Mutakhir/Tahun Lama Penulisan Kutipan Yang salah, tidak konsisten mengikuti salah satu Gaya Reference Manager Penulisan Daftar Pustaka Yang salah, tidak konsisten mengikuti salah satu Gaya

Building Research Question All research begins with a question. The research question is simply a statement of what it is we want to know. Usually it can be expressed in a couple of sentences, or a short paragraph. The success of a research project is usually linked to our ability to answer this question, though the act of carrying out the research may lead to new questions that are as important, or more so. the consistency between designs and research questions.

as a result of prior research or theorizing on a a topic participant historical interview Outside of academia research questions often appear to be address a problem of an area as a result of prior research or theorizing on topic participant observation, historical review, interview Outside of academia research questions often appear to be straightforward and address a problem of a lack of knowledge in an area observation, review, straightforward and usually a lack of knowledge in usually

Reseach Question Method Qualitative Quantitative Prolonged engagement Design Feature (sampling, scheduling) Persistence observation Control for threats to internal validity Triangulation a. Validity of the instrument Thick Description b. Reliabality of the instrument Reflexive Journal Writing Control for threats to external validity Structural relationship etc Design Design Reseach Outcomes Truth Value

Ex: Qualitative Research Question Design Method Research Question Phenomenology What is it like for a mother to live with a teenage child who is dying of cancer? (Nieswiadomy, 1993, p.151) Grounded theory (Open Coding ): What are the categories to emerge from interactions between caregivers and patients , or (Axial coding): How does caregiving relate to actions by nurses Ethnographic How do early adolescent females read literature that falls outside the realm of fictions? (Finders, 1996, p.72) Pengodean aksial adalah seperangkat prosedur yang disusun dengan cara baru setelah pengodean terbuka dengan bentuk kode yang terdiri dari: kondisi, ukuran, konteks, strategi dan konsekuensi

How do early adolescent females read literature that falls outside the realm of fictions? How it uses an open-ended verb it focuses on a single concept literature or teen magazines the Read Adolescent Famale Participant

Ex: Central Questions From a Case Study How do women in a psychology doctoral program describe their decision to return to school? (Padula and Miller, 1999, P. 328) How do women in a psychology doctoral program describe school change these women s lives? (Padula and Miller, 1999, P. 328)

Beberapa Tips Mulailah pertanyaan riset dengan kata apa atau bagaimana Fokus pada konsep atau fenomena tunggal. Gunakan exploratory exploratory verbs verbs yang mencerminkan bahasa desain riset yang sedang dilakukan. Gunakan open open- -ended ended questions questions tanpa merujuk pada referensi literatur atau teori kecuali dinyatakan sebaliknya oleh strategi penelitian kualitatif. Gunakan non non- -directional directional language yang mencerminkan studi kuantitatif seperti pengaruh , hubungan , perbedaan dsb. language. Hindari kata

exploratory verbs Purpose of the Study Design of research Discover Grounded theory Seek to understand Ethnography Explore a process Case Study Describe the experiences Phenomenology Report the stories Narrative research

QUANTITIATIVE RESEARCH: QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES Peneliti Peneliti menggunakan menggunakan research hipotesis hipotesis untuk untuk merumuskan memfokuskan memfokuskan tujuan Sangat Sangat umum umum digunakan digunakan dalam sosial sosial khususnya khususnya survai Hipotesis Hipotesis secara secara tipikal eksperimen eksperimen dimana dimana peneliti perbandingan perbandingan. . research questions questions & merumuskan dan dan secara tujuan studi studi. . dalam riset survai. . tipikal juga juga digunakan peneliti melakukan melakukan & khusus secara khusus riset ilmu ilmu digunakan dalam dalam

Guideline Guideline Penggunaan Penggunaan variabel pertanyaan pertanyaan riset terbatas terbatas pada pada tiga ( (hubungan hubungan, , perbandingan pengaruh pengaruh). ). Bentuk Bentuk penelitian penelitian kuantitatif ( (rigorous rigorous) ) adalah adalah uji Variabel Variabel dependen dependen dan dapat dapat diukur diukur secara secara terpisah variabel- -variabel riset atau atau hipotesis tiga pendekatan pendekatan dasar perbandingan/ /perbedaan variabel dalam hipotesis secara dalam secara tipikal dasar perbedaan, , tipikal kuantitatif paling uji teori teori. . dan independen independen harus terpisah. . paling ketat ketat harus

Guideline ( Guideline (contd contd) ) Untuk Untuk menghindari menghindari redundancy hanya hanya research research questions bukan bukan keduanya keduanya, , karena atas atas dasar dasar research questions research questions Jika Jika hipotesis hipotesis yang yang digunakan yakni yakni Ho Ho dan dan Ha. Ha. Hipotesis ditulis ditulis adalah adalah Ho. Ho. Hipotesis prediksi prediksi kondisi kondisi populasi tidak tidak ada ada hubungan hubungan , atau atau tidak tidak ada ada perbedaan redundancy, , tuliskan questions atau atau hipotesis karena hipotesis hipotesis dibangun tuliskan hipotesis, , dibangun digunakan ada Hipotesis yang Hipotesis merupakan merupakan populasi. . Rumusannya Rumusannya bisa , tidak tidak ada ada pengaruh perbedaan . . ada dua yang sering sering dua bentuk bentuk bisa pengaruh

Ex: Directional Hypotheses Mascarenhas (1989) studied the differences between type of ownership (state-owned, private) of firms in the offshore drilling industry. The study explored such differences as domestic market dominance, international presence, and customer orientation Number Hypotheses 1 Publicly traded firms will have higher growth rates than privately held firms. 2 Publicly traded enterprises will have a larger international scope than state-owned and privately held firms. 3 State-owned firms will have a greater share of the domestic market than publicly traded or privately held firms 4 Publicly traded firms will have broader product lines than state-owned and privately held firms. 5 State-owned firms are more likely to have state-owned enterprises as customer overseas 6 State-owned firms will have a higher customer base stability than privately held firms. 7 in less visible contexts, publicly traded firms will employ more advanced technology than state-owned and privately held firms.

Ex: Non-Directional Hypotheses Moore (2000) studied the meaning of gender identity for religious and secular Jewish and Arab women in Israeli society. Number Hypotheses 1 Gender identity of religious and secular Arab and Jewish women are related to different sociopolitical social orders that reflect the different value systems they embrace. 2 Religious women with salient gender identity are less socio-politically active than secular women with salient gender identities. 3 The relationships among gender identity, religiosity, and social actions are weaker among Arab women than among jewish women.

Ex: Standard Use of Language in Hypotheses There is no relationship between utilization of ancillary support services and academic persistence for nontraditional women College student There is no relationship between family support systems and academic persistence for non-traditional aged college women. There is no relationship between ancillary support services and family support systems for non-traditional college women.

Ex: Descriptive Questions No Research Question 1 How do the students rate on critical thinking skills? (A descriptive question focused on the independent variable) 2 What are the students achievement levels (or grades) in science classes? (A descriptive question focused on the dependent variable) 3 What are the student s prior grades in science classes? (A descriptive question focused on the control variable of prior grades). what is the educational attainment of the parents of the eight graders? (A descriptive question focused on another control variable, educational attainment of parents) 4

Ex: Inferential Questions Does critical thinking ability relate to student achievement? (An inferential question relating the independent and the dependent variables) Does critical thinking ability relate to student achievement, controlling or the effects of prior grades in science and the educational attainment of the eight-graders parents? (An inferential question relating the independent and the dependent variables, controlling for the effects of the two controlled variables)

Ex: Research Questions in a Mixed Methods Study There There would be no would be no significant difference between students in the middle school and between students in the middle school and those in those in the junior high in attitude toward the junior high in attitude toward science as a school science as a school subject subject. . There There would be would be no significant no significant difference between students in the middle between students in the middle school and thos thos in the junior high in achievement in in the junior high in achievement in science science. ( . (Houtz Houtz, 1995, p.630) , 1995, p.630) significant difference difference school and

Ex: Research Questions in a Mixed Methods Study What differences currently exist between the What differences currently exist between the middle middle school instructional school instructional strategy and the junior high junior high instructional strategy instructional strategy of this school in transition? school in transition? How How has this has this transition period transition period impacted science attitude and achievement of science attitude and achievement of your students students? ? How How do teachers feel about this change do teachers feel about this change process process? ( ? (Houtz Houtz, 1995, p. 649). , 1995, p. 649). strategy and the of this impacted your

Reference Cresswell, J.W. 2005. RESEARCH DESIGN: Qualitative, Quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SECOND EDITION. Newman, Isadore. & Benz, Carolyn R.1998. Qualitative-quantitative Research Methodology : Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Southern Illinois University Press.