School Security Personnel and Student Arrests Analysis at Canisius College
Explore the association between the presence of security personnel and student arrests, focusing on overall and Black student arrests at Canisius College. Utilizing data from the 2015-2016 Civil Rights Data Collection, the study examines the impact of security personnel categories on arrest rates and factors influencing arrests in school settings.
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School Security Personnel and Student Arrests Tim Servoss Canisius College 10/22/18 servosst@canisius.edu
Research Questions Is the presence of security personnel (SROs and/or guards) associated with an increase in overall student arrests? Is the presence of security personnel (SROs and/or guards) associated with an increase in Black student arrests?
Data and Measures 2015-2016 Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC) Universe of schools (n = 96,360) Arrests disaggregated by race and sex Underreported Cleaned at both the district and school level School security personnel FTE law enforcement officers and security guards Due to processing error set to missing for 69k schools 2015-2016 School Survey on Crime and Safety (SSOCS) Nationally representative sample Middle and high schools (n = 1500) Security: personnel and non-personnel School characteristics: urbanicity, region, SES, neighborhood crime, academics, misbehavior and crime in the school
Measures Security Personnel: Each school categorized as having None (23%), Guard Only (7%), Police Only (46%), Both Guards and Police (24%) Non-personnel security scaled using dichotomous Rasch model Arrests Low frequency outcome 89% of schools in sample have none Size Cat Arrest Group Zero Low High Small (1-474) 0 1-2 >2 Medium (475-870) 0 1-4 >4 Large (>870) 0 1-7 >7 N 1063 85 43 Avg. Arrests 0 2.38 20.64
Personnel and Arrests Personnel Arrest Group (ROW %) Category ZERO LOW HIGH NONE 90.9% 8.2% 0.9% GUARD ONLY 80.2% 16.3% 3.5% POLICE ONLY 79.1% 14.5% 6.4% BOTH 67.6% 19.6% 12.8% Personnel Arrest Group (COLUMN %) Category ZERO LOW HIGH NONE 27.5% 13.8% 3.5% GUARD ONLY 6.6% 7.4% 3.5% POLICE ONLY 45.8% 46.6% 45.9% BOTH 20.1% 32.3% 47.1%
Multiple Regression (multinomial) Low vs Zero Arrests High vs Zero Arrests Urbanicity (town < rural) Urbanicity (No) Region (South 2.7x > Midwest) Region (No) Neighborhood crime (No) Neighborhood crime (No) %Free lunch (No) %Free lunch (No) % students <15thpercentile (No) % students <15thpercentile (No) School misbehavior (No) School misbehavior (Yes; 1.26) School crime (Moderate 3.0x > Low; High 4.3x > Low) School crime (Moderate 4.1x > Low; High 7.7x > Low) Security measures (No) Security measures (No) Security personnel (No) Security personnel (Yes) --No effect of Guards only --Police only 3.8x > No personnel --Both 4.6x > No personnel
Roles that SROs play and their relationship to student arrests Hi Arrest vs. Zero Both vs. Police Only NO NO Motor vehicle traffic control Security enforcement and patrol NO NO Maintaining school discipline YES! (3.62) YES! (1.47) Coordinating with local police and emergency teams NO NO Identifying problems in the school and proactively seeking solutions NO NO Training teachers/staff in school safety or crime prevention NO NO Mentoring students NO NO Teaching a law-related education course or training students NO NO Recording/reporting discipline problems to school authorities YES! (1.44) YES! (3.42) Providing information to school authorities about the legal definitions of behavior for recording/reporting purposes YES! (1.83) YES! (5.40)
Racial/ethnic disproportionality From 2015-2016 CRDC Group % Arrested OR vs White % of arrests % of pop Black 0.26 3.59 36.1 15.3 Hispanic 0.11 1.46 24.0 25.0 White 0.07 -- 33.1 50.1 Imbalance within schools 92.3% of schools arrest the same proportion of Black and White students 3.2% (n = 2462) of schools arrest a greater proportion of White than Black student 4.5% (n = 3526) of schools arrest a greater proportion of Black than White students 114 of these schools have no White students 39% of these are 1-0 schools About 25% of these schools arrest the same or more White students but proportionally more Black students.
Predictors of Black student arrests Low vs Zero Arrests High vs Zero Arrests Urbanicity (City 2.4x > rural) Urbanicity (No) Region (South 2.5x > Midwest) Region (No) Neighborhood crime (High 3.0X > Low) Neighborhood crime (No) %Free lunch (No) %Free lunch (No) % students <15th percentile (No) % students <15th percentile (No) School misbehavior (No) School misbehavior (No) School crime (High 7.7x > Low) School crime (High 4.5x > Low) Security measures (No) Security measures (No) Security personnel (No) Security personnel (Yes) --No effect of Guards only --No effect of Guards only --Police only 4.8x > No personnel --No effect of Police only --Both 4.6x > No personnel --Both 5.0x > No personnel
Unanswered questions/issues What is the dynamic in schools with both police and guards that appears to be particularly related to arresting students? Is the absence of arresting students sufficient rationale for having police in schools? Data issues Underreporting of arrests School-level measure of disproportionality for arrests
