Science in Donation & Transplant - Supporting Stakeholders & Promoting Equity
Science in Donation and Transplant is a non-profit organization dedicated to supporting and educating stakeholders in the donation and transplant communities. Their mission is to ensure that donation and transplant organizations adhere to science-based practices and are protected from political influence. The timeline highlights key events, including the NASEM study and concerns surrounding rules governing Organ Procurement Organizations. Emphasis is placed on health equity in organ donation and transplant, addressing disparities faced by black patients. The contrast between the NASEM report and CMS rules underscores the need to address race-based and socio-economic disparities for achieving equity.
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Contexts Contexts and Sentence Sentence Splitting Text Text structure structure and Corpus and Consequences Consequences of of Splitting in in Translation and Corpus linguistics linguistics, FAL MFF 2018 2018 Translation , FAL MFF Olga N dvorn kov Institute of Romances Studies, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague
Contexts Contexts and Sentence Sentence Splitting in fiction in English, French and Czech Text Text structure structure and Corpus and Corpus linguistics 2018 2018 and Consequences Consequences of of Splitting in in Translation Translation linguistics, FAL MFF , FAL MFF Olga N dvorn kov Institute of Romances Studies, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague
Sentence splitting non1:1 segments Non1:1 segment = parallel segment with non-equal number of sentences on either side
Aim of the research Metz (April 2018) - preliminary overview of causes and consequences of shifts in the segmentation of sentences in translation Prague (November 2018) - specific results: 1. Limitation on sentence splitting (not joining) 2. Limitation on one text type fiction (English-Czech-French) Research questions: 1. What contexts of sentence splitting are the most frequent in translation of fiction? 2. What are their consequences at the level of sentence, discourse and text?
OUTLINE 1. Theoretical background: Research into sentence splitting 1. Translation studies 2. Contrastive linguistics 2. Corpus & Data 3. Contexts & Consequences of sentence splitting: 3.1 Technical issues 3.2 Universal contexts 3.3 Language-pair specific contexts 4. Conclusions & Further work
1. Theoretical background Consequences of sentence splitting: - Adding of anaphoric expressions: (1) J'ai repos le t l phone portable et fait signe mon coll gue, qui a pouss un soupir et secou la t te. (M. Winckler, La maladie de Sachs, 1998) Odlo il jsem mobiln telefon a m vl na kolegu. Ten [He/This one] si povzdechl a zakroutil hlavou. (transl. K. Eli ov , 2006) - Lexical repetition (2) Share and Enjoy is the company motto of the hugely successful Sirius Cybernetics Corporation Complaints division, // which now covers the major land masses of three medium sized planets and is the only part of the Corporation to have shown a consistent profit in recent years. (D. Adams, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, 1980) "Berte a vychutn vejte" je firemn heslo obrovsky sp n ho Odd len st nost spole nosti Sirius Cybernetics. // Toto odd len zab r v sou asn dob v t st plochy hlavn ch kontinent t planet pr m rn velikosti a je moment ln jedinou sekc spole nosti, kter soustavn vykazuje zisk. (transl. J. Hollanov , 1999) - Adding of connectives and adverbials explicitating logical relationship between sentences COHESIVE TIES
Consequences of sentence splitting - 2 Change of the hierarchy of information (3) Ayant entendu dire la cuisine qu il fallait se m fier du coq et craignant d avoir eu d j la langue trop longue, // Marinette en resta l et quitta la remise avec la b che qu elle venait de choisir. (M. Aym , Les contes du chat perch , 1939) Marienka v kuchyni sly ela, e si mus d t na kohouta pozor, a tak se polekala, e u toho ekla a moc. // V p li slova se zarazila, chytila poleno, kter si vybrala, a upalovala z k lny pry . (transl. T. S korov , 1979) Fabricius-Hansen (1996, 1998, 1999): information extraction DRT theory (Discourse Representation Theory) Principal Counterpart SUBORDINATION SENTENTIALIZATION
Forward information extraction (4) "Starej Dord je ale na druhou stranu takovej trouba, e by p ijal d v iv za vlastn asi jak koli mrn , kter by mu ta jeho, na kterou ned z nepochopitelnejch d vod dopustit,p istr ila zabalen v povijanu. (P. H lov , Pam moj babi ce, 2002) Then again, old Dorj is such a sucker he'd probably take in any tot his old lady wrapped in a blanket and shoved into his arms. // I just can't figure out what he sees in that woman. (transl. A. Zucker, 2009) Mais d'un autre c t , le vieux Dordge tait tellement ballot qu'il aurait accept comme tant sien, avec une confiance aveugle, n'importe quel mioche que sa moiti , dont il ne laissait pas dire de mal pour des raisons incompr hensibles, lui aurait pr sent emmaillot dans des langes. (Rihova-Allendes, Hana; Mar chal, Arnault, 2005)
Theoretical Theoretical background background motivation motivation of of sentence sentence splitting splitting A) Translation studies universal tendency to simplification(Baker 1996; Laviosa 2006, Chlumsk 2017, etc.) - readability - universal tendency to normalization especially in literary translation (splitting of markedly long sentences closer to the norm ): Vanderauwera 1985 V. Woolf and W. Faulkner translated in French and Russian Pagnoulle 2004 J. Joyce translated in French N dvorn kov & otolov 2016 several translations fr-cs
Theoretical Theoretical background background motivation motivation of of sentence sentence splitting splitting B) Contrastive linguistics triggers of sentence splitting CS vs EN and FR: 1. Structural difference: limited use of non-finite structures participial adjuncts, gerunds, absolute constructions, etc. (N dvorn kov 2010) 2. Stylistic differences 1. Colon and semi-colon FR, EN > CS (N dvorn kov , forthcoming) 2. Use of relative clauses limited 1. Repetition of the relative pronoun kter stylistically clumsy (Lev 2011) 2. False relative clauses (conveying independent meaning) norm (Be ka 1992)
Hypotheses H1 more sentence splitting in translations into Czech than in the opposite direction of translation H2 - consequencesof the sentence splitting in Czech will be more important than in the opposite direction of translation, especially because of the sententialization of non-finite verb forms and relative clauses
OUTLINE 1. Theoretical background: Research into sentence splitting 1. Translation studies 2. Contrastive linguistics 2. Corpus & Data : Quantitative analysis of splitting of sentences 3. Contexts & Consequences of sentence splitting: 3.1 Technical issues 3.2 Universal contexts 3.3 Language-pair specific contexts 4. Conclusions & Further work
2. Corpus & Data InterCorp parallel corpus v10 ( erm k and Rosen 2012 or N dvorn kov 2016 in French) Sub-corpus (FICTION) EN-cs(-fr) CS-en(-fr) FR-cs(-en) CS-fr(-en) N of tokens 18,953,496 (1,134,556) 3,420,369 (1,483,802) 7,309,594 (573,088) 3,706,609 (1,483,802) N of texts 165 binary (11 tertiary) 38 binary (19 tertiary) 86 binary (6 tertiary) 48 binary (19 tertiary) FR CS EN
Number Number of of split Direction of translation split segments segments N of split segments Total N of alignments % EN>cs 1,168,881 59,639 5,10% 7,92% CS>en 212,373 16,824 FR>cs 378,750 14,956 3,95% 6,23% CS>fr 242,579 15,116 TOTAL 2,002,583 106,535 5,32% H1 not confirmed: split segments more frequent in translations from Czech
Qualitative analysis: manually analyzed samples Direction of translation EN-CS CS-EN FR-CS CS-FR TOTAL Number of non1:1 segments analyzed 500 500 500 500 2000
OUTLINE 1. Theoretical background: Research into sentence splitting 1. Translation studies 2. Contrastive linguistics 2. Corpus & Data : Quantitative analysis of splitting of sentences 3. Contexts & Consequences of sentence splitting: 3.1 Technical issues 3.2 Universal contexts 3.3 Language-pair specific contexts 4. Conclusions & Further work
other Language-specific 100% 7% 8% 11% 10% relative 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 90% 4% 5% 17% non-finite 7% 10% 19% 80% 4% 7% explicitation 3% 70% 4% 7% subordinate 35% 4% 12% 60% 27% UNIVERSAL juxtaposition 7% 50% 21% and-but 40% 14% 15% 12% 1% 30% upper/lower 7% 6% 14% 24% 5% 20% reported 8% 24% 18% 10% segmentation 10% 8% 0% TECHNICAL en-cs cs-en fr-cs cs-fr
100% 8% 10% 11% 14% other relative non-finite explicitation subordinate juxtaposition and-but upper/lower reported typographic 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 90% 5% 5% 21% 8% 21% 80% 13% 5% 70% 3% 9% 8% 60% 38% 5% 4% 33% 50% UNIVERSAL 16% 23% syntactic 40% 9% 13% 1% 30% 18% 18% 20% 15% 27% 7% 10% 9% 9% 6% 0% en-cs cs-en fr-cs cs-fr
I. Universal contexts 1. typographic 1. Reported - Introductory clause placed medially (5) Well, Hermione exploded, // if he did - I mean to say - that s terrible - you could have been killed. (J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, 1997) - Si jamais c est vrai, c est terrible ! s cria Hermione. // Tu aurais pu te faire tuer ! (J. Fr. M nard 2005) " Tedy," vybuchla Hermiona. // "Pokud to cht l - chci ct - je to stra n - v dy jsi mohl p ij t o ivot!" (V. Medek, 2000)
I. Universal contexts 1. typographic 2. Upper/lower - Lower case replaced by upper case after a final punctuation mark: tokenizer considers the part after the punctuation mark as a new sentence: (6) - Qui tes-vous qui tes-vous qui tes-vous , r pondit l cho. (A. de Saint Exup ry, Le Petit prince, 1946/1999) "Who are you // Who are you // Who are you?" answered the echo. (transl. K. Woods, s.a.) Kdo jste? // Kdo jste? // Kdo jste? odpov dala ozv na. (transl. Z. Stavinohov , 1972/1989)
100% 8% 10% 11% 14% other relative non-finite explicitation subordinate juxtaposition and-but upper/lower reported typographic 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 90% 5% 5% 21% 8% 21% 80% 13% 5% 70% 3% 9% 8% 60% 38% 5% 4% 33% 50% UNIVERSAL 16% 23% 40% 9% 13% 1% 30% 18% 18% 20% 15% 27% 7% 10% 9% 9% 6% 0% en-cs cs-en fr-cs cs-fr
100% 8% 10% 11% 14% other relative non-finite explicitation subordinate juxtaposition and-but upper/lower reported 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 90% 5% 5% 21% 8% 21% 80% 13% 5% 70% 3% 9% 8% 60% 38% 5% 4% 33% 50% UNIVERSAL 16% syntactic 23% 40% 9% 13% 1% 30% 18% 18% 20% 15% 27% 7% 10% 9% 9% 6% 0% en-cs cs-en fr-cs cs-fr
I. Universal contexts 2. syntactic 1. Juxtaposition replacement of a comma by a full stop in an asyndeton: (7) Teta Fridrichov ani dn z m ch tet u samotn ho porodu nebyly, // tajn porod dily star zku en eny, kter jsou u mrtv , // litoval jsem, e m tety byly tehdy tak mlad , mohly by ct, kdo byla Lebova maminka, ale vlastn je to fuk !, // d vka, kter porodila Leba, pak nejsp zahynula ve shonu v le n ch dn , // snad zmizela v n kter m z posledn ch transport na v chod nebo podle tet skon ila nejsp v tyfov m hrob , // za ileg ln porod by stejn dostala kulku, to mi teta Fridrichov vysv tlila. (J. Topol, Chladnou zem , 2009) (en) None of my aunts, including Aunt Fridrich, was actually at the birth itself. // It was overseen by older, experienced women, who are all dead now. // If only my aunts hadn't been so young, they could've told me who Lebo's mum was, but who cares! // The girl who had Lebo probably lost her life during the war. // Maybe she went off on one of the last transports to the East, or maybe, like my aunts said, she met her end in a typhus grave. // If she'd been caught giving birth illegally, it would've meant a bullet for her anyway, Aunt Fridrich explained. (transl. A. Zucker, 2013) 6 sentences Split at the syntactic and logical gaps ; changes at the stylistic level
100% 8% 10% 11% 14% other relative non-finite explicitation subordinate juxtaposition and-but upper/lower reported 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 90% 5% 5% 21% 8% 21% 80% 13% 5% 70% 3% 9% 8% 60% 38% 5% 4% 33% 50% UNIVERSAL 16% syntactic 23% 40% 9% 13% 1% 30% 18% 18% 20% 15% 27% 7% 10% 9% 9% 6% 0% en-cs cs-en fr-cs cs-fr
I. Universal contexts 2. syntactic 2. And-but splitting at the point of the coodinating connective: (8) He assumed that this must be his great grandfather s doing, // but why? (D. Adams, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, 1980) Dosp l k z v ru, e v tom mus b t prad de k v z m r. // Ale pro ? (transl. J. Hollanov , 1999) Bisiada (2016: 374) : splitting of sentences at this point may be the least intrusive way of introducing full stops (see also N dvorn kov 2017a) But less visible shifts at the level of information structure (emphasis)
And-but in long sentences (9) Kdy se lupi ka sna ila polo it nohu do zasn en ho kl nu tvrd ho y, je se nach zelo p esn ve st edu druh ho slova a jeho spodn st dole opou t la msu a tr ela do vzduchu, sklouzla j noha a // Baumgarten s hr zou vid l, jak ena sj d po ypsilonu do propasti. (M. Ajvaz, Zlat v k, 2001) As the thief was attempting to place her foot in the snow-filled lap of the y, which was in the dead centre of the second word, with its lower part protruding from the ledge and into space, she slipped. // Baumgarten watched with horror as the woman slid down the y and towards the abyss. (transl. A. Oakland, 2010) Consequence or conclusion of the preceding narrative sequence
100% 8% 10% 11% 14% other relative non-finite explicitation subordinate juxtaposition and-but upper/lower reported 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 90% 5% 5% 21% 8% 21% 80% 13% 5% 70% 3% 9% 8% 60% 38% 5% 4% 33% 50% UNIVERSAL 16% syntactic 23% 40% 9% 13% 1% 30% 18% 18% 20% 15% 27% 7% 10% 9% 9% 6% 0% en-cs cs-en fr-cs cs-fr
I. Universal contexts 2. syntactic 3. Subordinate move from a subordinate adverbial clause (temporal, causal or concessive) to a corresponding independent one: (10) Jdu klidn , bez petky strachu nebo n jak p edtuchy, // a koli [ALTHOUGH] jsem svou podstatou tr mistka, odsouzen k neust l m z chvat m panika en . (K. Leg tov , Jozova Hanule, 2002) Je marche paisiblement, sans un soup on de peur ni le moindre pressentiment. // Pourtant [HOWEVER], au fond, je suis d un caract re enclin au trac, condamn e aux crises de panique. (transl. E. Antolin, 2008) Consequence: information extraction
I. Universal contexts 2. syntactic 4. Explicitation frequent in cs-fr (adding of interjections): (11) M l ekat, a ho zast elej ? [Was he supposed to wait until they shot him?] (J. Ha ek, Osudy dobr ho voj ka vejka za sv tov v lky, 1921 1923, 1996) What was he supposed to do? // Wait until they shot him? (transl. Z.K. Sadlo , 1930) Et dame ! // pourquoi attendre que le conseil de guerre vous condamne mort, n est-ce pas ! (transl. H. Horejsi; C. Ancelot, 1989)
100% 8% 10% 11% 14% other relative non-finite explicitation subordinate juxtaposition and-but upper/lower reported 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% Language-specific 90% 5% 5% 21% 8% 21% 80% 13% 5% 70% 3% 9% 8% 60% 38% 5% 4% 33% 50% 16% 23% 40% 9% 13% 1% 30% 18% 18% 20% 15% 27% 7% 10% 9% 9% 6% 0% en-cs cs-en fr-cs cs-fr
II. Language-specific contexts = occur only in translations into Czech 1. relative sententialization of relative clauses Consequences: subordinate to an independent one; possible adding of anaphoric expressions or lexical repetition, etc. (2) Share and Enjoy is the company motto of the hugely successful Sirius Cybernetics Corporation Complaints division, // which now covers the major land masses of three medium sized planets and is the only part of the Corporation to have shown a consistent profit in recent years. (D. Adams, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, 1980) "Berte a vychutn vejte" je firemn heslo obrovsky sp n ho Odd len st nost spole nosti Sirius Cybernetics. // Toto odd len zab r v sou asn dob v t st plochy hlavn ch kontinent t planet pr m rn velikosti a je moment ln jedinou sekc spole nosti, kter soustavn vykazuje zisk. But rare (transl. J. Hollanov , 1999)
100% 8% 10% 11% 14% other relative non-finite explicitation subordinate juxtaposition and-but upper/lower reported 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% Language-specific 90% 5% 5% 21% 8% 21% 80% 13% 5% 70% 3% 9% 8% 60% 38% 5% 4% 33% 50% 16% 23% 40% 9% 13% 1% 30% 18% 18% 20% 15% 27% 7% 10% 9% 9% 6% 0% en-cs cs-en fr-cs cs-fr
II. Language-specific contexts = occur only in translations into Czech 2. non-finite sententialization of non-finite clauses (12) 'Now where's he got to?' cried Sam, looking worried. (J.R.R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring, 1954) Qu'est-ce qu'il fabrique maintenant ? S' cria Sam, l'air soucieux. (transl. F. Ledoux, 1988) - "Kam mohl j t?" vyk ikl Sam. // Zatv il se ustaran . (transl. S. Po ustov , 1990) Consequences: - Hierarchy of information changes: subordinate clause to an independent one - Explicitation of grammatical categories - Possible semantic shift from simultaneity to succession possible explicitation by adverbial p itom/p i tom (at the same time)
Translation of specific adverbial non-finite clauses within the sentence boundaries (13) In Eriador they soon mingled with the other kinds that had preceded them, but being somewhat bolder and more adventurous, they were often found as leaders or chieftains among clans of Harfoots or Stoors. (J.R.R. Tolkien, The fellowship of the Ring, 1954) V Eriadoru se brzy sm sili s ostatn mi eled mi, kter je p ede ly; ale proto e byli odv n j a dobrodru n j [BECAUSE THEY WERE], asto se st vali v dci nebo n eln ky klan Chluponoh a Stat . (transl. S. Po ustov 1990) En riador, ils ne tard rent pas se m ler aux autres esp ces qui les avaient pr c d s, mais, plus hardis et plus aventureux, on les trouvait souvent comme meneurs ou chefs de clan parmi les Pieds velus ou les Forts. (transl. F. Ledoux 1988) H2 the impact of the sententialization of non-finite structures in Czech is less important than expected e
OUTLINE 1. Theoretical background: Research into sentence splitting 1. Translation studies 2. Contrastive linguistics 2. Corpus & Data : Quantitative analysis of splitting of sentences 3. Contexts & Consequences of sentence splitting: 3.1 Technical issues 3.2 Universal contexts 3.3 Language-pair specific contexts 4. Conclusions & Further work
Conclusions Conclusions & & Further Further work work Question: What contexts of sentence splitting are the most frequent in translation of fiction and what are their consequences? Contexts: a) harmless typographic changes ( reported and lower/upper ) b) mostly harmless syntactic and-but and juxtaposition c) potentially harmful universal explicitation and subordinate and language-specific non-finite and relative a + b = more than 50% of splittings in fiction Impact of the sententialization of non-finite structures less important than expected (accompanying circumstance) Sententialization of relative clauses rare BUT! Sentence splitting in fiction is NOT harmless microstructure vs. macrostructure global translation strategy
Sentence splitting as a global translation strategy (7) Teta Fridrichov ani dn z m ch tet u samotn ho porodu nebyly, // tajn porod dily star zku en eny, kter jsou u mrtv , // litoval jsem, e m tety byly tehdy tak mlad , mohly by ct, kdo byla Lebova maminka, ale vlastn je to fuk !, // d vka, kter porodila Leba, pak nejsp zahynula ve shonu v le n ch dn , // snad zmizela v n kter m z posledn ch transport na v chod nebo podle tet skon ila nejsp v tyfov m hrob , // za ileg ln porod by stejn dostala kulku, to mi teta Fridrichov vysv tlila. (J. Topol, Chladnou zem , 2009) (en) None of my aunts, including Aunt Fridrich, was actually at the birth itself. // It was overseen by older, experienced women, who are all dead now. // If only my aunts hadn't been so young, they could've told me who Lebo's mum was, but who cares! // The girl who had Lebo probably lost her life during the war. // Maybe she went off on one of the last transports to the East, or maybe, like my aunts said, she met her end in a typhus grave. // If she'd been caught giving birth illegally, it would've meant a bullet for her anyway, Aunt Fridrich explained. (transl. A. Zucker, 2013)
SENTENCE SPLITTING TEXT TEXT
Further work Research into sentence joining Other text types, especially non-fiction or journalese Other factors in the translation workflow interventions of editors Changes within the sentence clausalisation, use of semi-colon, explicitations Authors or translators idiolects Use of exclamation mark from a contrastive point of view: Dachenka: jezusmankote,kter vlastn je lev , ta, nebo ta? Ah ! Mon Dieu ! Quelle est donc la gauche ? Celle-ci ou celle-l ?
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