Smart Grid Smart Meters Security
The security issues surrounding smart meters, including weak authentication, software quality, error handling, and more. Learn who might be interested in accessing your energy consumption data, from revengeful ex-spouses to terrorists. Discover the implications and concerns related to smart meter vulnerabilities.
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ELEC-E8423 - Smart Grid Smart Meters and their security Issues Leppik Raigo Munazza 14.05.2024
Introduction Smart Meters: A smart meter is an electronic device that records information. In this case consumption of electric energy, voltage levels, current and power factor. This information is communicated to the consumer and electricity supplier. It differs from automatic meter reading (AMR) in that it enables two- way communication between the meter and the supplier. Purpose: Provide real-time monitoring Improve billing-accuracy Support efficient energy usage 14.05.2024 Page 2
HOW SMART METERS WORKS? A smart meter system includes a smart meter, communication infrastructure, and data management system. It has real-time or near-real-time sensor through which it can control the information it reads for power quality and detects for example power outages. Can control all home appliances and devices. Also, collect diagnostic information about the distribution grid and communicate with other near-by meters. - 07.02.2018 Page 3
Applications of Smart Meters Efficient billing and settlement Reliability and power quality monitoring Networks state estimation Demand response and limitation of peak load Load modelling, forecasting, and analysis Voltage and frequency control Smart metering for energy savings Embedded renewables and the virtual power plant Meter management Fraud detection 14.05.2024 Page 4
Advancement in Smart Meters Historical development of metrology (i.e. analog electro-mechanical meter to smart meter) (a), Analog electro-mechanical meter (b), Electronic meter (c), Metrology AFE (d), Metrology SoC (e) and (f) Metrology SaoC. 14.05.2024 Page 5
Implementation of Smart Meters in EU 14.05.2024 Page 6
Security issues with smart meters Security issues can occur from submission of data and signals. Security issues: Weak authentication, quality of implemented software, quality of implemented software, error handling, weak protocols and improper session management. Who might be interested to know your energy consumption: revengeful ex-spouses, civil litigants, illegal consumers of energy, extortionists, terrorists, political leaders with vested interests, thieves, etc. 14.05.2024 Page 7
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Case Study 14.05.2024 Page 9
REAL TIME EXAMPLES Around 225 000 people in Ukraine suffered from a power outage in December 2015 due to a cyber-attack in a power station. Malta s power supply group lost around 20 million Euros between 2011 and 2012, as their smart meters were hacked In 2014, millions of smart meters in Spain were found to have a firmware flaw that made them vulnerable to a worm capable of autonomously spreading across the network. This vulnerability could allow attackers to disrupt power supply, alter meter readings, and perform denial-of-service attacks, severely impacting grid reliability. In 2009-2010, a scheme in Puerto Rico involved individuals, including ex-power utility employees, tampering with smart meters to reduce recorded power usage, resulting in revenue losses estimated at hundreds of millions of dollars. This tampering involved disabling communication capabilities and fraudulently altering meter readings to lower electricity bills. 14.05.2024 Page 10
Conclusions SM is a new area of research in SG infrastructure that has attracted rapidly growing attention in the government, industry and academia. Different countries and utility companies are working to establish better communication technologies and control over their electricity resources, manage peak demand, operate more efficiently, and accommodate massive amounts of Distributed Energy Resources systems. As it comes to security, there are improvements made all of the time and most of the security issues match other security issues that for example phones or computers bring. 14.05.2024 Page 11
Future Trends and Innovation With integration of advanced computing and communication technologies, the smart meter (SM) is expected to greatly enhance efficiency and reliability of future power systems with renewable energy resources, as well as distributed intelligence and demand response. Future work will be devoted to the development of the complete data cycle from the gathering at the client side to the power production network and back to the client side, maintaining data integrity, availability, and security in all phases. The work is underway on the development of next-generation meters with enhanced data resolution and real-time analytics, integration with IoT devices, and improved security measures such as AI-driven anomaly detection and blockchain for data integrity. These innovations aim to provide better energy management, enhance consumer engagement, and ensure robust data privacy and cybersecurity. 14.05.2024 Page 12
Source material used 1. Depuru, Soma Shekara Sreenadh Reddy, et al. "Smart meters for power grid Challenges, issues, advantages and status." 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition. IEEE, 2011. 2. Das, Rajkumar, et al. "Measuring trustworthiness of smart meters leveraging household energy consumption profile." IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics 3.2 (2022): 289-297. 3. Sharma, Konark, and Lalit Mohan Saini. "Performance analysis of smart metering for smart grid: An overview." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 49 (2015): 720-735. 4. Rahman, Tasmia. Analysis of Smart Meter Functionalities in the Electricity Market and Network Management. MS thesis. 2020. 5. Yi Wank, Qixin Chen, Tao Hong, Chonqing Kang. "Review of Smart Meter Data Analytics: Applications, Mehtodologies, and Challenges." 2019 IEEE Transactions on smart grid VOL 10. NO 9. 6. Silvia Vitiello, Nikoleta Andreadou, Mircea Ardelean, Gianluca Fulli. "Smart-Metering Roll-Out in Europe: Where Do We Stand, Cost Benefit Analyses in the Clean Energy Package and Research Trends in the Green Deal." 2022 Smart Grid Outlook in Europe: Approches, Challenges and opportunities. 7. Edwin Chan, Tim Hardy, Tom O'Keeffe, Toby Park, Andrew Schein. "Reviewing energy supplier evidence on impacts of smart metering on domestic energy consumption." 2023 Department for Energy Security and Net Zero of the UK 14.05.2024 Page 13
