Smart Irrigation Estimator for Efficient Water Management

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This project focuses on developing a smart irrigation estimator to help farmers estimate their water requirements based on crop types, rainfall patterns, and land area available. By conducting a literature survey, gathering data on crop water requirements, and testing the estimator, the goal is to empower farmers with a simple tool for efficient water management.

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SMART IRRIGATION ESTIMATOR Nadine Sangster1, Aneil Ramkhalawan2, Aatma Maharajh3, Jorrel Bisnath4, Edward Cumberbatch5, Ronnie Bickramdass6, David Edwards7 and Prakash Persad8 Design and Manufacturing Systems, The University of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

INTRODUCTION 2018 Budget statement between the period 2003 to 2016, where our food import bill was estimated TT$56.9 billion or average TT$4.4 billion yearly [1] Our agricultural plots either remain dormant due to a lack of infrastructure required for development or some are being used for housing [2] IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

OBJECTIVES To provide a simple tool that farmers can use to estimate their water requirements and storage based on Number of crops Type of crops Rainfall patterns Land area available IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

METHODOLOGY Conduct a literature survey on simple crop water estimators available Gather data based on crops, such as crop water requirements, crop cycles, problems that exist with the local farmers and rainfall patterns Develop a simple irrigation estimator to assist the everyday farmer and continuously improve as more data is gathered Test the smart irrigation estimator via different scenarios to ensure functionality IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

FUNCTIONAL CHART IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

DATA GATHERING For the scenarios the following data was used, 2 acre farming plots = 8093.71m2 Produce storage as (3m x 6m)=18 m2 Total unplantable Area= 34 m2 Therefore, Planting area = 8093.71 - 34 = 8059.71 m2 Tool shed Size as (4m x 4m)=16 m2 Assumptions: Initial volume of water in the estimated water storage well was 100% due to water collection the previous year For the crop cycle range period, the max. cycle period was used IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

DATA GATHERING Area required per plant (m2) Crop water requirement (mm) Crop water requirement per plant (m3) Max. Crop cycle period (days) Crops selected Pepper 9.00 900.00 0.90 210.00 Tomato 0.36 800.00 0.80 135.00 Potato 0.12 625.00 0.63 105.00 Sweet Potato 0.56 675.00 0.68 150.00 Carrot 0.05 980.00 0.98 140.00 Lettuce 0.06 254.00 0.25 35.00 Cabbage 0.20 500.00 0.50 120.00 Cucumber 3.00 944.00 0.94 130.00 Pumpkin 9.00 686.00 0.69 120.00 Water melon 6.00 600.00 0.60 160.00 Plantain /Banana 4.00 1700.00 1.70 365.00 Green Peas 0.02 363.00 0.36 100.00 [3] IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

DATA GATHERING Month Number of Days Avg. Monthly Rainfall (mm) Avg. Monthly Rainfall (mm) Average (mm) January 31 58 70 64 February 28 54 40 47 March 31 49 30 39.5 April 30 55 40 47.5 May 31 78 110 94 June 30 163 250 206.5 July 31 201 240 220.5 August 31 180 230 205 September 30 181 180 180.5 October 31 230 170 200 November 30 218 190 204 December 31 168 140 154 [4] IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

RESULTS: SCENARIO #1 IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

RESULTS: SCENARIO #1 Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 Crop 5 Crop 6 Crop 7 Starting Water Storage Balance (m3) Total Land Use (m2) Total Water Use (m3) Potential Rainfall Capture (m3) Available Land (m2) Land Use (m2) 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500 Water Use (m3) 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Mon. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 4500 4500 4860 4860 4860 4860 5220 5108 4905 4950 4950 4590 9045 9045 4860 4860 4860 4860 5220 5108 4905 4950 4950 4590 77 77 290 290 290 290 504 804 542 794 794 581 406 406 290 290 290 290 504 804 542 794 794 581 2346 2346 1986 1986 1986 1986 1626 1738 1941 1896 1896 2256 -2199 -2199 1986 1986 1986 1986 1626 1738 1941 1896 1896 2256 207 152 128 154 304 669 714 664 584 647 660 499 207 152 128 154 304 669 714 664 584 647 660 499 2428 2558 2633 2471 2334 2348 2726 2936 2796 2838 2691 2557 2474 2275 2021 1858 1722 1736 2114 2324 2184 2226 2079 1945 360 360 360 360 360 213 213 213 213 213 360 360 360 360 360 213 213 213 213 213 45 45 45 45 45 252 252 252 252 252 203 261 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 45 45 45 45 45 252 252 252 252 252 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 360 360 360 360 360 213 213 213 213 213 360 360 360 360 360 213 213 213 213 213 45 45 45 45 45 252 252 252 252 252 203 261 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500 77 77 77 77 77 45 45 45 252 252 252 IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

RESULTS: SCENARIO #2 Crop Information Planting Area (m2) Mth Water Requirements (m3) Number of Plants Start Month Planting Area (Acres) Crop Cycle (Months) Crop Number Crop Type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hot Peppers Tomatoes Carrot Lettuce Hot Peppers Tomatoes Carrot 400 1000 1000 1000 500 1000 1000 January March August August August July October June 3600 360 45 202.5 4500 360 45 0.89 0.09 0.01 0.05 1.11 0.09 0.01 7.0 4.5 4.7 1.2 7.0 4.5 4.7 61.71 213.33 252.00 261.26 77.14 213.33 252.00 10 11 12 IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

RESULTS: SCENARIO #2 Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 Crop 5 Crop 6 Crop 7 Starting Water Storage Balance (m3) Total Land Use (m2) Total Water Use (m3) Potential Rainfall Capture (m3) Available Land (m2) Land Use (m2) 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 Water Use (m3) 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Mth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3600 3600 3960 3960 3960 3960 4320 5108 4905 4950 4950 4590 8145 8145 3960 3960 3960 3960 4320 5108 4905 4950 4950 4590 62 62 275 275 275 275 489 804 542 794 794 581 391 391 275 275 275 275 489 804 542 794 794 581 3246 3246 2886 2886 2886 2886 2526 1738 1941 1896 1896 2256 -1299 -1299 2886 2886 2886 2886 2526 1738 1941 1896 1896 2256 207 152 128 154 304 669 714 664 584 647 660 499 207 152 128 154 304 669 714 664 584 647 660 499 2428 2573 2663 2516 2394 2423 2817 3042 2902 2944 2797 2663 2580 2396 2157 2010 1888 1917 2310 2536 2396 2438 2291 2157 360 360 360 360 360 213 213 213 213 213 360 360 360 360 360 213 213 213 213 213 45 45 45 45 45 252 252 252 252 252 203 261 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 45 45 45 45 45 252 252 252 252 252 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 360 360 360 360 360 213 213 213 213 213 360 360 360 360 360 213 213 213 213 213 45 45 45 45 45 252 252 252 252 252 203 261 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500 77 77 77 77 77 45 45 45 252 252 252 IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

RESULTS: SCENARIO #3 Crop Information Planting Area (m2) Mth Water Requirements (m3) Number of Plants Start Month Planting Area (Acres) Crop Cycle (Months) Crop Number Crop Type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hot Peppers Tomatoes Carrot Lettuce Hot Peppers Tomatoes Carrot 400 1000 1000 1000 300 1000 1000 January March August August August July October June 3600 360 45 202.5 2700 360 45 0.89 0.09 0.01 0.05 0.67 0.09 0.01 7.0 4.5 4.7 1.2 7.0 4.5 4.7 61.71 213.33 252.00 261.26 46.29 213.33 252.00 10 11 12 IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

RESULTS: SCENARIO #3 Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 Crop 5 Crop 6 Crop 7 Starting Water Storage Balance (m3) Total Land Use (m2) Total Water Use (m3) Potential Rainfall Capture (m3) Available Land (m2) Land Use (m2) 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 Water Use (m3) 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Land Use (m2) Water Use (m3) Mth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3600 3600 3960 3960 3960 3960 4320 3308 3105 3150 3150 2790 6345 6345 3960 3960 3960 3960 4320 5108 4905 4950 4950 4590 62 62 275 275 275 275 489 773 511 763 763 550 360 360 275 275 275 275 489 804 542 794 794 581 3246 3246 2886 2886 2886 2886 2526 3538 3741 3696 3696 4056 501 501 2886 2886 2886 2886 2526 1738 1941 1896 1896 2256 207 152 128 154 304 669 714 664 584 647 660 499 207 152 128 154 304 669 714 664 584 647 660 499 2428 2573 2663 2516 2394 2423 2817 3042 2933 3006 2890 2787 2736 2583 2375 2228 2106 2135 2528 2754 2614 2655 2509 2374 360 360 360 360 360 213 213 213 213 213 360 360 360 360 360 213 213 213 213 213 45 45 45 45 45 252 252 252 252 252 203 261 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 45 45 45 45 45 252 252 252 252 252 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 360 360 360 360 360 213 213 213 213 213 360 360 360 360 360 213 213 213 213 213 45 45 45 45 45 252 252 252 252 252 203 261 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500 77 77 77 77 77 45 45 45 252 252 252 IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

CONCLUSIONS The estimator can save time and money by simulating the various number of planting scenarios based on land area, number and type of plants, and volume of water collected and stored via the rainfall data It will assist in maximizing area usage and production costs by mixing high water crops with low water crops to balance their water reserves and water collection The estimator has the potential to be improved by including other factors such as security, nutrient control distribution based on plant needs and growth stages and smart pest control systems IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

RECOMMENDATIONS Modify the estimator to calculate the bed and drain sizes with the drains leading to some catchment area The solar area can be housed on the roof top of the tool shed and produce storage area The water storage can be contained under the tool shed and produce storage areas This area can also be used for securing the pumps and filtration systems [5] The estimated volume of water deficit can be used to determine the depth of the storage area and/or be oversized to incorporate any further droughts IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

REFERENCES 1. M. o. Finance, Budget Statement 2018, Ministry of Finance, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, 2017 2. P. Persad, N. Sangster, E. Cumberbatch, A. Ramkhalawan and A. Maharajh, Investigating the Feasibility of Solar Powered Irrigation for Food Crop Production: A Caroni Case, The Journal of the Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago, pp. 61-65, 2011 3. L. a. W. D. D. o. FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, United Nations, January 1945. [Online]. Available: http://www.fao.org/home/en/. [Accessed 21 February 2020] 4. W. Atlas, Weather Atlas, 2002. [Online]. Available: https://www.weather- atlas.com/en/trinidad-and-tobago/tobago-climate#rainfall. [Accessed 2 01 2020] 5. R. De Silva, Thieves Stressing Farmers, Guardian Newspaper, p. A9, 18 January 2019 IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank Mr. Seunarine Persad, Senior Instructor at The University of Trinidad and Tobago, for information related to the area of study BPTT for the award of a renewable energy research grant UTT for endorsing the research IConETech-2020, Faculty of Engineering, The UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago