Syphilis and HIV Co-Infection Trends in Wisconsin 2015
The report from the State of Wisconsin highlights syphilis cases with and without HIV co-infection in 2015. It provides data on the proportion of co-infected cases, breakdown by sex, age groups, and race/ethnicity. The findings reveal a higher proportion of men being infected, particularly in the syphilis/HIV co-infection cases.
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REPORTED SYPHILIS CASES WITH AND WITHOUT HIV CO-INFECTION*, WISCONSIN 2015 Created by the State of Wisconsin STD Control Section DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES Division of Public Health Bureau of Communicable Diseases STD Control Section P-01097(3/2016) *All syphilis cases are diagnosed for the current year of the report; however, the co-infected cases are those with a new or pre-existing HIV diagnosis.
Reported syphilis cases with and without HIV co-infection, Wisconsin 2015 Proportion of syphilis vs. syphilis/HIV co-infected cases Syphilis Cases with and without HIV Co-Infection Syphilis- HIV 35% Syphilis-Only 175 Syphilis-HIV 95 Syphilis- Only 65% TOTAL Cases 270 Syphilis in Wisconsin has a high proportion of co-infection with HIV. While the number of cases has gone down from 2014 (101 co infected cases vs. 95 in 2015), the percentage of co-infected cases to cases not co-infected has remained relatively the same (35/65% for 2015 vs. 36/64% in 2014). The HIV infection cases in this report that are co-infected with syphilis may or may not have occurred in 2015. Some people who were co-infected may have found out about their HIV diagnosis at the same time as their syphilis diagnosis, while others had a pre-existing HIV diagnosis for years and became recently infected with syphilis.
Reported syphilis cases by sex in Wisconsin, 2015 300 250 200 150 CASES 100 50 0 Male 92 149 241 Female 2 26 28 Transgender 1 0 1 Syph/HIV Syphilis-Only Syphilis Most syphilis cases in Wisconsin occur among men. Out of the 270 total syphilis cases, 241 of them occurred among men, 28 occurred among women, and 1 case was transgender. Of the syphilis-only cases, 149 occurred among men, 26 occurred among women and 0 cases were transgender. However, the cases of syphilis/HIV co-infection show an even greater proportion of men being infected (92 men, 2 women and 1 transgender). This unusually high proportion of men being infected is an indication of a high number of men having sex with men (MSM).
Proportion of syphilis cases that are HIV co-infected to syphilis-only cases within each age group 40 60.0% 35 50.0% 30 40.0% 25 20 30.0% 15 20.0% 10 10.0% 5 0 0.0% Age Group 10-14 0 0 0.0% 15-19 2 9 18.2% 20-24 13 37 24.5% 25-29 22 34 40.0% 30-34 14 23 37.8% 35-39 9 24 27.3% 40-44 9 18 33.3% 45-49 7 10 41.2% 50+ 19 20 48.7% Syph/HIV Syphilis-Only Proportion The proportion of syphilis cases compared with the number of syphilis/HIV co-infected cases varies across age groups. The age groups on the bottom row of the chart are Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended age group distributions. More than half of the syphilis cases last year between the ages of 40 and 49 were co-infected with HIV (58.8% and 66.7%). This year we have seen a decrease in these age groups (33.3% and 41.2%).
Reported syphilis-only and syphilis/HIV co-infections by race/ethnicity in Wisconsin Proportion of syphilis-only cases in Wisconsin, 2015 Proportion of syphilis/HIV co-infected cases in Wisconsin, 2015 Proportion of race/ethnicity in Wisconsin, 2014 1% 2% 1%2%1% 3% 0% 1% 0% 1% White 7% White 10% Afr. Amer. 6% White Afr. Amer. 11% Hispanic Hispanic Hispanic 49% 43% Amer. Indian Afr. Amer. Amer. Indian Asian/Pac. Is. 38% Amer. Indian Asian/Pac. Is. 83% 41% Other (Mult.) Asian/Pac. Is. Other (Mult.) Unknown Unknown Last year a majority of the syphilis-only and syphilis/HIV co-infected cases were among African Americans. This year, cases among Whites made up the majority of cases. However, African Americans made up 41% of the syphilis/HIV co-infected cases and 38% of the syphilis-only cases in Wisconsin, while African Americans only make up 7% of the population in Wisconsin compared to 83% White. This racial disparity primarily occurs in the southeastern part of Wisconsin, specifically in Milwaukee. The 2014 census data was the most recent data available.
Reported cases of syphilis-only, syphilis/HIV co-infections and total syphilis cases for the five regions of Wisconsin, 2015 200 180 160 140 120 CASES 100 80 60 40 20 0 Northeastern 6 23 29 Northern 2 1 3 Southeastern 71 112 183 Southern 10 27 37 Western 6 12 18 Syphilis/HIV Syphilis Only Total Syphilis The largest number of cases in Wisconsin among the five regions occurred in the southeastern region. The southeastern region had 183 total cases of syphilis, which was 67.8% of all the syphilis cases in Wisconsin. This region also had 71 cases of syphilis/HIV co-infections, which was 74.7% of all the syphilis/HIV co-infections in Wisconsin. However, the southeastern region currently makes up only 36.8% of the population in Wisconsin.
Syphilis stages among syphilis/HIV co-infections, Wisconsin 2015 Syphilis stages among syphilis cases, Wisconsin 2015 3% Primary syphilis Primary syphilis 8% 18% 31% Secondary syphilis Secondary syphilis Early latent syphilis Late syphilis 30% 23% Early latent syphilis Late syphilis 49% 38% Early syphilis, people infected with syphilis less than one year, occurs among the primary stage, the secondary stage and the early latent stage. Late syphilis occurs after one year of being infected. For people who are HIV positive, it is better to be diagnosed with early syphilis rather than late syphilis. People who are HIV positive and have late syphilis are usually required to have a central spinal fluid test to rule out neurosyphilis. Last year, 35% (35 out of 101) of the syphilis/HIV co-infections were diagnosed with late syphilis. This year, 18% (17/95) of the syphilis/HIV co- infections were diagnosed with late syphilis which is a marked improvement. Unfortunately, people who are co-infected with syphilis/HIV who are not in care or find out about their co-infections at the same time are more likely to be in the late stage of syphilis. The Wisconsin STD Section, per the CDC, recommends that all HIV positive patients receive an annual syphilis test to prevent late latent syphilis.
Syphilis and syphilis/HIV co-infections among men who have sex with men in Wisconsin, 2015 Reported Syphilis Cases in Wisconsin, 2015 (n=268) Reported Syphilis/HIV co- infected cases in Wisconsin, 2015 (n=95) Men who have sex w/men (MSM) Non-MSM 31% Men who have sex w/men (MSM) Non-MSM 69% 88% One of the largest risk factors for syphilis and syphilis/HIV co-infections is men who have sex with men, (MSM). This includes not only people that identify as gay, but also others that identify as bi-sexual, or straight, as well as some transgender. This is a self-reported risk factor, which means that these individuals were interviewed and reported themselves as MSM either to a provider or to a disease intervention specialist (DIS). In 2015, among all the syphilis cases, 185 of the 270 cases reported that they were MSM, which makes up 69% of the syphilis cases in Wisconsin. However, in 2015, 84 out of 95 co-infected cases reported being MSM, which is a decrease from 2014 when all 101 syphilis/HIV co- infected cases in Wisconsin reported being MSM.
Reported syphilis/HIV co-infection, syphilis-only and total syphilis cases in Wisconsin, 2011 - 2015 300 250 200 CASES 150 100 50 0 2011 46 148 194 2012 67 172 239 2013 71 176 247 2014 101 178 279 2015 95 175 270 Syphilis/HIV Syphilis-Only Total Syphilis Over the years there has been a steady increase in the number of syphilis-only, syphilis/HIV co-infected, and total syphilis cases. In 2011, the total number of syphilis cases was 194 and the number of syphilis/HIV cases was 48. In three years, the number of syphilis cases rose to 279 for a 70% increase and the number of syphilis/HIV co- infected cases rose to 101 for a 110% increase. Fortunately, in 2015, the number of cases decreased by 6 for syphilis/HIV co-infected and 9 cases for all syphilis.
Proportion of previous and newly diagnosed HIV cases among 2015 syphilis and HIV co-infections, n=94 20% Previous HIV+ Newly Dx HIV+ 80% The number of syphilis and HIV co-infections was 95. The number of these cases that were diagnosed with HIV previous to their syphilis infection was 76. The number of cases that were diagnosed with syphilis around the same time as their HIV infection was 19. Of the cases that were newly diagnosed with HIV and syphilis at the same time only 7 were considered late syphilis (a total of 15 late syphilis and HIV co-infection). This means that 8 cases were already known to be infected with HIV and were late syphilis. The Division of Public Health will continue to remind HIV care providers about the need to ensure all HIV positive individuals receive a yearly syphilis test.
Questions? Please Contact: Brandon Kufalk, Public Health Educator State of Wisconsin STD Control Section Division of Public Health Department of Health Services Phone 608-261-6390 or email Brandon.Kufalk@wisconsin.gov Note: All population data was queried using Wisconsin Interactive Statistics on Health (WISH) which can be found at: https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/wish/index.htm
