The energy balance in Finland
Energy balance sheets in Finland have been compiled since 1993, providing a comprehensive overview of energy supply and consumption. The data sources for energy balance include statistics from multiple organizations, associations, and federations. Modelling techniques are employed to estimate space heating and water heating patterns, ensuring accuracy and consistency in the data system.
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The energy balance in Finland The 7th Oslo Group Meeting, Helsinki 25.10.2012 Leena Timonen leena.timonen@stat.fi
Compiling of energy balance in Finland Energy Balance sheets have been compiled at Statistics Finland since 1993 (earlier in the Ministry of Trade and Industry) In 1998 methodology was revised and harmonised with international common methodolgy (ie. physical energy content method) The energy balance is compiled on annual basis (calendar year) Energy commodity balance is compiled (ie. balance between energy supply and consumption) for all energy sources (in physical unit or in TJ) Commodity balances are used as data source for overall energy balance Leena Timonen 25.10.2012 2
Data sources for energy balance Energy statistics system uses multiple data soures The majority of the basic data for energy statistics are collected by Statistics Finland, obtained from other statistical authorities or administrative data sources Statistics Finland is obliged to utilize as much as possible the data sources that are collected by other organisations (Statistics Act) Energy statistics is also feeded to certain extent with the data from associations and federation operating in the field of energy written agreements on collaboration agreed methodology in data collection common fuel classification quality control (in case of annual statistics) used mainly in monthly statistics (with some exceptions) The model for estimating consumption patters of space heating and water heating has been developped in 1997 and thoroughly revised in 2010 and 2011 Leena Timonen 25.10.2012 3
Modelling as a data source: e.g. Estimation model for space heating and water heating The model uses all relevant data sources available and creates a data system which is consistent and fits the frames. In the model space heating is calculated as the sum of main heating system and the supplementary systems In the model the heating patterns are estimated using the following main data sources: surveys: e.g. district heating statistics (annual), fuel wood consumption in small-sized dwellings, Household Budget survey, sales data of heat pumps (annual), natural gas statistics (annual), Households electricity consumption admininistrative data sources: the housing and building stock, tax-based information from Tax Administration, metering: Heating degree day data (monthly), measurement of electricity consumption and diary study of app. 100 household with relevat analysis inc. model testing and weighing for representativeness (in 2006) tecnology assumptions/research-inform.: energy efficiency values of dwellings, expert estimations: e.g. consumption of domestic water per occupant among different types of building and heatings systems The results are validated against energy commodity balances Leena Timonen 25.10.2012 4
Outcome: statistics National publications /statistics releases Statistics on internet eg. - Energy supply and consumption - Energy prices - Energy use in manufacturing ind. - Production of elecricity and heat - Energy consumption in housing Energy flows: *Indigenous production *Imports *Exports *Stocks *Transformation *Transmission, distribut. *Consumption by end use sectors *Non-energy use Data sources Statistics Finland Direct data collection: - Monthly and annual data collection - Censuses and surveys - Additional questions to existing other surveys Publications /Energy CD: Energy Statistics -yearbook, Energy in Finland Energy balance sheet Pocketbook and other Statistical Yearbooks Other statistical authorities Direct data collection carried out by: eg. -National Board of Customs (foreign trade stat) -Information Centre of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Tike (energy cons. in agriculture) Reporting oblications to EU Energy statistics regulation - Monthly reporting - Annual reporting (IEA, UN) Energy products: * Oil, Coal, Natural gas, Biomass, Electricity & Heat etc. Other directives eg. - monitoring of renewable energy sources, CHP-prod., biofuels in transportation, - New: Energy efficiency (EED) Administrative data sources Administrative data /databases, eg: - emission monitoring and environment loading data system /Environment administration - annual monitoring data of EU/ETS /Emission trading authority *Technical characteristics of certain technologies, * Activity Information Such as GDP, value added,, produced tonns, population Other international reporting IEA, European Commision /DG Energy, UN, FAO etc. Greenhouse gas inventory Energy Prices and Taxes Data/statistics from associations (NGOs) Eg. energy consumption by sectors (non-point sources) - used mainly in short terms statistics - written agreements on collaboration - common classification, agreed methodology, quality control Electricity and fuel stock prices, consumer price, import prices, energy taxes etc. Indicators Other information service Modelling(eg. estimation model for space and water heating /StatFin) Energy accounts (new) Researches, ad hoc surveys etc. Leena Timonen 25.10.2012 5
Common national fuel classification Harmonised fuel/energy classification fasilitates the compilation process of EB Introduced in year 2005 Widely use in all organisations, which collect energy data surveys and energy statistics /Statistics Finland GHG-inventory /Statistics Finland Electricity and heat statistics /Energy industries (association) annual monitoring data of EU/ETS /Emission trading authority annual reports for emission monitoring and environment loading data system /Environment administration Other non-governmental organisations in the energy field (or on aggregated level) Regular review every second year (updated if necessary) Includes average default NCV values and CO2 default values for all fuels www.tilastokeskus.fi/polttoaineluokitus (also in english) Leena Timonen 25.10.2012 6
For quality control: checking of efficiencies and shares (%) Energy balance sheet, 2010 (TJ, NCV) SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION Indigenous production Recovered products Imports Exports International Marine Bunkers Stock Changes TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE GROSS INLAND CONSUMPTION Electricity Generation CHP /energy industries CHP /manuf. industry Heat Production (sold) Oil Refineries Coal Transformation Consumption of energy branch Transmission and distrib. losses Coal and coal derivates feedstocks Crude oil and Petroleum Gas Products - - 475 277 0 -283 662 - -5 087 470 190 -18 851 489 040 - - - - -489 040 - Nuclear Hydro and Wind Peat Fuel Biomass fuels Others Electricity Heat (sold) and Totals heat pumps - - 56 588 -18 785 - - 37 804 0 37 804 176 785 69 372 31 774 - - - - - 14 893 740 202 576 160 668 - - 248 727 47 592 75 620 322 673 6 114 10 990 726 609 20 785 1 066 983 -306 139 -8 945 75 844 1 575 136 -2 387 1 577 523 EFF.: -255 652 -35 640 -11 126 -9 469 -2 167 -21 290 -5 796 -24 447 - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 045 2 367 - - - - - 167 078 -147 71 2 358 -3 372 - - - -173 - - - - -8 945 35 076 -39 323 160 668 15 868 -55 191 160 560 -1 322 -2 180 -72 972 -1 838 -13 198 -13 467 -15 945 486 873 - - - - 26 351 193 282 19 504 95 022 248 727 47 592 321 659 28 526 0 321 659 28 526 -15 284 -58 667 -33 004 -23 527 - - 10 990 488 108 0 0 0 0 0 192 794 -91 602 -51 431 -1 520 -4 032 248 727 47 592 -47 592 95 022 -23 437 -48 841 -3 393 -8 346 10 990 -2 003 -248 727 -2 470 -7 022 -2 142 -4 856 - 40,9 % 85 % 80 % 87 % - - - - - - - - - - 136 100 12 195 60 704 - - - - - - - -21 290 -5 796 -1 615 - -440 - - - - - -9 958 -12 434 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION Industry Transport Residential Agriculture/Forestry Commerce and Public Services Other Consumption /not specified NON-ENEGY USE 15 508 15 322 - - 412 436 91 774 196 448 23 630 25 176 12 783 8 548 54 078 56 442 40 296 612 2 006 448 1 200 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 005 9 619 191 177 12 036 123 297 - 58 380 6 000 3 500 - - 305 777 150 552 2 664 85 136 3 240 64 184 207 555 79 095 1 211 936 513 921 205 839 251 385 36 770 128 847 9 216 65 958 SHARE 3 965 6 116 544 483 260 668 42 % 17 % 21 % 3 % 11 % 1 % 5 % - - - 10 - - - - - 540 713 132 81 138 534 46 788 176 - - - - - - - - - 11 880 Leena Timonen 25.10.2012 7
Room for improvements Efforts are now underway to facilitate the compiling of energy balance (a new database and data processing system is under construction and is expected to be in use in year 2014) There is always room for improvements in accuracy Further harmonisation of methodology Leena Timonen 25.10.2012 8
Energy balance Stock change 11.3 Recycled oil 1.0 Exports oil 213.1 21.1 Oil refineries 460.7 Bunkers Crude oil and NGL 443.7 Petroleum products Non-energy use, other consumption and statistical difference Exports of coal 53.7 0.07 178.7 1.5 1.7 1.3 7.4 TRANSPORT 198.4 PJ Stock change6.3 Coal transformation 27.3 2.5 Non-energy use and statistical difference 0.9 Transport 3.1 1.0 1.7 3.0 OIL COAL NATURAL GAS NUCLEAR POWER 213.4 45.7 IMPORTS 1257.1 PJ 27.4 140.6 151.0 243.9 Natural gas 50.0 Oil 70.2 12.0 13.3 Coal 28.9 IMPORTS OF ELECTRICITY 64.5 11.1 Natural gas 12.0 Coal 3.0 Oil 7.4 34.7 Peat 17.7 Wood 164.3 Stock change INDUSTRY Imports of wood fuels 66.3 DISTRICT HEAT PRODUCTION Peat 3.7 506.8 PJ Wood 11.1 Stock change of peat 20.1 Exports of peat Natural gas 13.3 Oil 1.3 Coal 1.7 District heat 16.8 Exports of wood fuels 3.3 33.1 4.1 12.0 CHP Natural gas 3.1 0.6 Peat 1.1 Coal 0.2 Oil 66.3 Wood 49.4 Peat 3.9 INDUSTRY ELECTRICITY Oil 1.7 Wood 32.6 158.9 Coal 45.7 Peat 30.4 PEAT 89.5 District heat 103.1 RESIDENTIAL AGRICULTURE. COMMERCE AND PUBLIC SERVICES 348.5 PJ INDIGENOUS ENERGY 371.8 40.6 Heat pumps 10.6 CHP WOOD AND RECYCLED FUELS 232.7 Natural gas67.4 DISTRICT HEAT HYDRO AND WIND POWER 49.6 33.1 16.8 91.0 Wood 24.8 Peat 12.0 Oil 1.5 HEAT SUPPLY Coal 27.4 103.1 54.3 24.7 4.1 126.5 Losses 10.8 Wood 14.7 Losses 12.2 FINLAND'S ENERGY BALANCE SHEET (PJ) 54.3 40.6 Natural gas 2.5 ELECTRICITY GENERATION 126.5 149.2 Nuclear power 243.9 158.9 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY Imports of electricity 64.5 Exports of electricity 3.4 Electricity consumption in transport 2.3 Other consumption of electricity 6.8 64.5 Hydro and wind power 49.6 27.1 24.7 10.7 202.4 Losses 264.9 Source: Energy Statistics 2005 Eija Alakangas, VTT Losses Leena Timonen 25.10.2012 9
