The Evolution of Universe Theories
Scientific theories about the formation and structure of the universe have evolved through history, from geocentric and heliocentric models to the widely accepted Big Bang Theory. Discover how advancements in technology and observations have shaped our understanding of the cosmos over time.
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Modified from the version found on http://www.troup.org/20/Content2/6sc HOW HAVE THEORIES OF THE HOW HAVE THEORIES OF THE FORMATION AND STRUCTURE OF FORMATION AND STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE CHANGED? THE UNIVERSE CHANGED? S6E1a. Relate the Nature of Science to the progression of basic historical S6E1a. Relate the Nature of Science to the progression of basic historical scientific models (geocentric, heliocentric) as they describe our solar system, and scientific models (geocentric, heliocentric) as they describe our solar system, and the Big Bang as it describes the formation of the universe. the Big Bang as it describes the formation of the universe.
A Scientific Theory is an A Scientific Theory is an explanation or model explanation or model backed by results backed by results obtained from many tests obtained from many tests or experiments. or experiments.
WHY DO THEORIES CHANGE? WHY DO THEORIES CHANGE? Scientific theories change when scientists discover new information New technology, new tools, and/or new observations can provide new information. Greater telescopes and imaging technology Greater telescopes and imaging technology
For centuries, there have been a For centuries, there have been a variety of theories to explain the variety of theories to explain the formation and structure of the formation and structure of the universe. universe. We will examine some of these We will examine some of these theories and identify the most theories and identify the most widely accepted theory today. widely accepted theory today.
How and when did the universe begin? How and when did the universe begin? After all, no one was around when the After all, no one was around when the universe began, so who can say what really universe began, so who can say what really happened? happened? The best that scientists can do is work out The best that scientists can do is work out the most foolproof theory, backed up by the most foolproof theory, backed up by observations of the universe. observations of the universe.
THE BIG BANG THEORY The most commonly accepted theory today of the formation of the universe is the Big Bang Theory. The theory states that the universe originated sometime between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from an enormous explosion of a small volume of matter at extremely high density and temperature.
VISUALIZATION OF VISUALIZATION OF THE BIG BANG THE BIG BANG http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visuali zations/es0401/es0401page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
In spite of its problems, the Big Bang is still considered by most astronomers to be the best theory we have. As with any scientific hypothesis, however, more observation and experimentation are needed to determine its credibility.
DISTRIBUTED SUMMARIZING DISTRIBUTED SUMMARIZING Turn to a partner and describe the Big Bang Theory and why it is called a Theory.
ANOTHER THEORY ABOUT THE UNIVERSE Big Bang theorists claim that all of the galaxies, stars, Big Bang theorists claim that all of the galaxies, stars, and planets still hold the explosive motion of the and planets still hold the explosive motion of the moment of creation and are moving away from each moment of creation and are moving away from each other at great speed. other at great speed. In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble announced that all In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble announced that all of the galaxies he had observed were moving back of the galaxies he had observed were moving back from us, and from each other, at speeds of up to from us, and from each other, at speeds of up to several thousand miles per second. several thousand miles per second. Since the Big Bang explosion, they reason, the universe Since the Big Bang explosion, they reason, the universe has been expanding. has been expanding.
Astronomers use the analogy of cooking Astronomers use the analogy of cooking raisin bread to demonstrate the expanding raisin bread to demonstrate the expanding universe universe
THE UNIVERSE AFTER ITS BIG BANG The Universe includes living things, planets, The Universe includes living things, planets, stars, galaxies, dust clouds, light, and even stars, galaxies, dust clouds, light, and even time. time. The Universe contains billions of galaxies, each The Universe contains billions of galaxies, each containing millions or billions of stars. The containing millions or billions of stars. The space between the stars and galaxies is largely space between the stars and galaxies is largely empty. empty. So, if the universe supposedly was formed by So, if the universe supposedly was formed by the Big Bang, how did these other objects the Big Bang, how did these other objects form? form?
THE UNIVERSE AFTER ITS BIG BANG Scientists believe that Solar Systems formed Scientists believe that Solar Systems formed in similar ways. Giant clouds of dust and gas in similar ways. Giant clouds of dust and gas began to collapse under the weight of its began to collapse under the weight of its own gravity. As it did so, the matter own gravity. As it did so, the matter contained within it began to move in a giant contained within it began to move in a giant circle, much like the water in a drain moves circle, much like the water in a drain moves the dust and gas that collapsed into it. the dust and gas that collapsed into it. our Sun, while the smaller clumps became the our Sun, while the smaller clumps became the parts of the universe we know parts of the universe we know today. today. As millions of years passed, the dense areas As millions of years passed, the dense areas of the universe pulled in material because of the universe pulled in material because they had more gravity. Finally, about 100 they had more gravity. Finally, about 100 million years after the Big Bang, the gas million years after the Big Bang, the gas became hot and dense enough for the first became hot and dense enough for the first stars to form. Large clusters of stars soon stars to form. Large clusters of stars soon became the first galaxies. became the first galaxies. around the center of the drain in a circle. around the center of the drain in a circle. planets, minor planets, moons, comets, and planets, minor planets, moons, comets, and asteroids. asteroids. In short, after the Big Bang, In short, after the Big Bang, dense clouds of gas and dust dense clouds of gas and dust Further away from the center of this mass where Further away from the center of this mass where the star was forming, there were smaller clumps the star was forming, there were smaller clumps of dust and gas that were also collapsing. of dust and gas that were also collapsing. from the bang either collapsed from the bang either collapsed At the center of this spinning cloud, a small At the center of this spinning cloud, a small star began to form. This star grew larger star began to form. This star grew larger and larger as it collected more and more of and larger as it collected more and more of The star in the center eventually ignited forming The star in the center eventually ignited forming or stuck together to form the or stuck together to form the
ANOTHER ANOTHER THEORY WHICH HAS THEORY WHICH HAS CHANGED OVER CENTURIES IS THE CHANGED OVER CENTURIES IS THE SCIENTIFIC MODEL OF OUR SOLAR SCIENTIFIC MODEL OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM SYSTEM THE GREAT DEBATE! MODELS OF THE GREAT DEBATE! MODELS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM ACTIVITY THE SOLAR SYSTEM ACTIVITY [SEE RESOURCES] [SEE RESOURCES]
PTOLEMYS MODEL OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM PTOLEMY S MODEL OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM Ptolemy s theory is known as Ptolemy s theory is known as the the Geocentric Model Geocentric Model because he thought the Earth was the he thought the Earth was the center of the universe center of the universe In Greek, Geo means earth In Greek, Geo means earth He believed his theory for He believed his theory for several reasons several reasons Gravity of all objects were Gravity of all objects were attracted to the earth, which attracted to the earth, which suggested to him that the suggested to him that the earth must be the center. earth must be the center. He thought the Earth did not He thought the Earth did not move because objects fell in move because objects fell in the same place if thrown up in the same place if thrown up in the air. He thought if the earth the air. He thought if the earth moved, objects would fall in a moved, objects would fall in a different place. different place. because
COPERNICUS MODEL OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM COPERNICUS MODEL OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM Copernicus theory is called the Copernicus theory is called the Heliocentric Theory Heliocentric Theory because he thought the sun was the center thought the sun was the center of the universe. of the universe. In Greek, In Greek, helios helios means sun Galileo made additional Galileo made additional observations using a telescope observations using a telescope which supported the which supported the heliocentric theory. heliocentric theory. Galileo observed that Venus Galileo observed that Venus went through a full cycle of went through a full cycle of phase s like the Moon. This phase s like the Moon. This could only be explained if could only be explained if Venus were orbiting the Sun. Venus were orbiting the Sun. because he means sun
WHY WAS THE GEOCENTRIC WHY WAS THE GEOCENTRIC MODEL OF THE SOLAR MODEL OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM REPLACED BY THE SYSTEM REPLACED BY THE HELIOCENTRIC? HELIOCENTRIC?
MODELS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM MODELS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM Video Clip of Models: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmwAr54L_pM Animation of the Geocentric Model: http://bcs.whfreeman.com/universe7e/content/c h04/0403001.html Animation of Heliocentric Model http://astro.unl.edu/naap/ssm/heliocentric.html
DISTRIBUTED SUMMARIZING: DISTRIBUTED SUMMARIZING: You are Galileo, write a letter to Copernicus You are Galileo, write a letter to Copernicus ghost to tell him how Galileo has saved his ghost to tell him how Galileo has saved his name name be sure to include Galileo s findings, be sure to include Galileo s findings, how he fixed Copernicus reputation, and what how he fixed Copernicus reputation, and what the solar system has been proven to actually the solar system has been proven to actually look like (which solar system model). The letter look like (which solar system model). The letter must be a minimum of 5 sentences. must be a minimum of 5 sentences.
SUMMARIZING SUMMARIZING STRATEGY STRATEGY 3 3 Identify three people who have contributed Identify three people who have contributed to the models of our solar system to the models of our solar system 2 2 - - Describe two models that were debated for Describe two models that were debated for hundreds of years hundreds of years 1 1 - - Name of the theory that explains the Name of the theory that explains the formation of the universe formation of the universe
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