The Prefix "nad-" Across Slavic Languages
Verbs meaning "to attack" in Czech, Upper Sorbian, and Lower Sorbian are explored in this linguistic study. The evolution of the prefix "nad-" in Slavic languages, with examples from Old Czech to Modern Czech, is examined along with challenges in diachronic and contrastive perspectives. Accessible corpora and materials are discussed in relation to the study of language evolution.
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The prefix nad- in Czech, Upper- and Lower Sorbian: The case of to attack GA R: P406/16/10866S Katja Branka kec Slovansk stav AV R v. v. i. in Prague Brankatschk@slu.cas.cz
Introduction: Verbs meaning to attack Old (Middle) Czech: nadb hn ti, nadtr piti, nadtr titi, nadst piti; napadn ti / napadati, nab hn ti (Middle Czech) Contemporary Czech: napadnout / napadat, p epadnout, to it Upper Sorbian: nadb howa / nadb hny , nadpadny / nadpada , napadny / napada , p epadny , BUT: *nab howa Lower Sorbian: nab gnu / nab gowa , napadnu / napada ; nadb a , nadpadnu / nadpada , p ima / p imje , p epadnu / p epada
Introduction: The prefix nad- in Slavic Oertle 2016: Old Church Slavonic only nad le ati to lie on; to impend a) Local over , above b) Local approximative to sth. c) Additive d) Attenuative a little e) Greater intensity more than f) Excess too much cz. nadepsat to write above us. nade to find sk. nad i to add by sewing cz. nadleh it to lift a little bit cz. nadjet to overtake cz. nadsadit to exaggerate
The corpora and other accessible material Diakorp v 6: Syn 2015: Syn v 6: Diakon: Dotko: Dotko2: Hotko: Older US: 4 M positions 121 M 5 G 145 M 15 M ca. 37 M words 44 M ca. 500 k words Dictionaries and other sources Vokabul webov www. dolnoserbski.de - Dictionaries - Bible 1868 (part of Dotko2)
The diachronic / contrastive perspective and its challenges There is no reliable data on older stages of languages Difficult interpretation of meaning in old texts No annotation of the corpora, small size of the corpora Cross-linguistic corpus research only approximate
The Czech data Old Czech Diakon: nadst p.* nadtr piti napadn ti / napadati nadb hn ti Czech 1500 1800: nadpadnout / nadpadat napadnout / napadat Modern Czech from 19thc.: nadb hnout to go forward, infront of; to catch up with Diakorp from 1800: 2 examples, Syn v 6: 243 examples napadnout / napadat to attack; to attract attention Diakorp from 1800: 182 examples, Syn v 6: 416.415 hits for the 19 hits 16 examples 20 examples till 1500 1 example ( to be affected ) 2 examples 9 examples lemma napadnout
The only example for nadbhnti in Diakorp: Kto jie t lo a pie krev Syna bo ieho ned stojn , ots zenie sob jie a pie . Proto nep ist p m - li , tehdy s ivota kryji . Pakli p ist p m ned stojn , ale nadb hnu ots zenie . Mil z Krom e, Jan: Mil ovsk sborn k modliteb (UK XVII F 30) (R) (1350-1400) pakli by sluhu a dievku nadb hl [v l], t idceti z va st iebra d [majitel] p nu (BiblPad Ex 21,32 (by pod el ~Ol, ~Lit, by strkal ~Pra ) invaserit) If an ox attacked a servant or a maid, then its owner would have to give thirty pounds of silver to the master.
Czech nadpad-: Fencl, Jan Mantun: Rada zhovadil ch zv at (UK 54 E 127) (1573) Vynesu zhuoru tak vola , nic m s le neodol . A ty se mne tak m b ti a dlouho s ko mi nest ti . M lo by mne nadpadl hlad , sklidil bych je s tebou napo d . J tob jist kr tce rad m , neb t p ed sebou stra liv ho vid m . Boj se mne , pt ka velik ho , boj se rad e bla zlobiv ho , jen jest v ce ne li j siln j , vezme on tak t lo i du i . Kdy sp a odpo vaj a p e na n s nemaj , tehdy my je nadpad me , zad v me i z r me . Bu jich vajce nebo d ti , i sam m star m hyb ti . Proto jest zlost mezi n mi , e spolu v dy v lku m my .
The Upper Sorbian data Older US:napad.* 12 hits nadpad.* 3 hits nadb h.* 5 hits nab h.* 1 hit (Goeda manuscript 1701) Hotko: napad.* 2223 hits nadpad.*3154 hits nadb h.* 5093 hits (sport reports) nab h.* 65 hits (mostly with different meaning as refl. verb)
Metalinguistic discourse Pohon owa et al. (2009, 162): Wobsteji woznamowy rozd l mjez werbomaj napadny a nadpadny ? Prawopisny hornjoserbsko- n mski s ownik znajmje a tajki rozd l sugeruje : napadny , kotre je tworjene z prefiksom na- , ma w nim n mski wotpow dnik auffallen ( mi to njeje napadny o ) . Werb nadpadny , tworjene z prefiksom nad- , pak p e o uje so jako berfallen ( rubje nicy su jeho nadpadnyli )
The Lower Sorbian data LS Bible 1868: Dotko2: napad.* 120 hits napad.* 409 hits nadpad.* NO HITS nadpad.* 998 hits nadb g.* NO HITS nadb g.* NO HITS nab g.* 5 hits nab g.* 59 hits (dict.: for sport reports)
Conclusions Corpus data have to be interpreted on the background of sociolinguistic and historical linguistics knowledge The cross-linguistic comparison offers an insight into the development of language contact for each individual language Clear parallels to German lexemes, but no clear calques in any of the languages despite the intensive contact with German and Latin Language contact interacts with intralinguistic development Upper Sorbian shows the closest semantic correspondence of its derivates with German lexemes (Breu 2015: semantische Strukturanpassung ) The prefix nad- is used quite differently in contemporary Czech than in older texts
