The Rise and Fall of Empires in Afghanistan
Imperial powers, from Russia to Britain, and later the Soviet Union and the United States, have vied for influence in Afghanistan over the centuries. The country's history is marked by invasions, wars, and struggles for control, leading to the rise of groups like the Mujahideen and the Taliban. This complex narrative reflects a turbulent blend of geopolitics, ideology, and resistance that has shaped Afghanistan's trajectory into the modern era.
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Effectiveness of tobacco taxation: Global and Bangladesh Experience Shariful Alam, Lead Consultant, CTFK Bangladesh http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org
Why Taxing Tobacco? The poor quits more Saves lives Reduces Consumption The young start less Higher Tobacco Taxes Tobacco industry loses Reduced sales Increases govt revenues More tax revenues Savings in health costs http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org
International Experience: Brazil Between 2006 and 2013, excise tax increased by 116% Real price increased by 74% Cigarette sales decreased by 32% Despite drop in sales, revenue increased by 48%. http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org
International Experience: Mexico Between 2009 and 2011, tax per pack of 20 was increased to 7 pesos 69% increase in retail price Sales dropped by 30% Govt. revenue increased by 38%. http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org
International Experience: South Africa Between 1993 and 2009, total cigarette taxes increased from 32% to 52% of retail price Cigarette sales declined 30% Smoking rate decreased 25% Govt. revenue increased 800%. http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org
International Experience: Turkey Between 2005 and 2011, cigarette price increased by 195% Sales dropped by 15.5% Govt. revenue increased by 124%. http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org
The Case of Bangladesh http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org
Cheap Tobacco Getting Cheaper Real price of tobacco falling Price not increasing as much as other products Per capita income increasing significantly Result: tobacco getting more and more affordable. http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org
Price of Tobacco in BD Price of Cigarettes per pack in International Dollars, 2014 (WHO) Sri Lanka Maldives Thailand India Indonesia Bangladesh Myanmar Nepal 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 PACK OF THE CHEAPEST BRAND PACK OF MARLBORO OR OTHER PREMIUM BRAND http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org
Percentage of per capita GDP ( (BDT) required purchasing 5000 sticks of bidi: BD 1.80 1.62 1.42 1.34 1.25 1.12 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 *Bidi tariff values taken from government declared SRO data FY 2008-2009 to FY 2013-2014 * Per capita GDP (in BDT) taken from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) published Statistical Year Book Bangladesh 2014, page 397 http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org
Tobacco products become cheaper compare to other basic commodities: BD 70 60 50 Rice-Fine (1 kg) 40 Hen egg (4 pieces) 30 Milk (1 litre) 20 Cigarette (1 pack of 10 sticks) 10 0 * The CPI basket for Bangladesh includes Scissor brand cigarette. Three other essential items (Rice, Hen egg and Milk) have been taken for comparison. http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org
Taxing Tobacco: Implementation of FCTC Article 6 & Sustainable Source of Finance In South Africa, between 1993 and 2009, total taxes on cigarettes were increased from 32% to 52% of the retail price. This contributed to reduce tobacco consumption from about 4 to 2 cigarettes per-adult-per-day over a decade, and generated a nine-fold increase in government tobacco tax revenue. http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org
Tobacco Taxes: win-win-win-win Reduce consumption substantially Greater reduction among the poor and the young Raise government revenue more than the normal increase Industry will lose gradually but surely Big WIN for public health Likely to increase government s popularity 81% people of Bangladesh support tobacco taxation (GATS 2009). http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org
BUT industry agrees as well! Jeffrey Harris of MIT calculated that the [US] 1982- 83 round of price increases caused two million adults to quit smoking and prevented 600,000 teenagers from starting to smoke We don t need to have that happen again (Philip Morris 1987). Of all the concerns, there is one taxation that alarms us the most. While marketing restrictions on public [sic] and passive smoking do depress volume, in our experience taxation depresses it much more severely. Our concern for taxation is, therefore, central to our thinking about smoking and health (Philip Morris 1985). http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org http://Global.TobaccoFreeKids.org
