Explore the theories and stages of human development, from infancy to adulthood, diving into aspects of psychomotor development and the debate of nature vs. nurture. Learn how the central nervous system controls movements and motor development in the human life cycle.
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Presentation Transcript
HSD L4 TOPIC 2 MALUTI TVET BETHLEHEM Mrs C Schnetler
Theories of human development ASPECTS OF PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT FROM BIRTH TO DEATH THE LIFESPAN OF A HUMAN BEING HAS FIVE STAGES: * PRE-NATAL LIFE * INFANCY * CHILDHOOD * ADOLESCENCE * ADULTHOOD WHEN HUMAN BEINGS GO THROUGH THESE STAGES, THEY GO THROUGH CHANGES AND ADVANCES IN THEIR BODIES, BEHAVIOUR, PERSONALITY AND THINKING. THE STUDY OF H HUMAN DEVELOPMENT DESCRIBES AND EXPLAINS THESE CHANGES.
Theories of human development THE NUTURE VS NATURE DEBATE EXISTS: SCIENTISTS HAVE INVESTIGATED WHETHER PEOPLE S GENES OR ENVIRONMENT ARE MOST IMPORTANT FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF THEIR EMOTIONAL, COGNITIVE, PHYSICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL CAPABILITIES. THE QUESTION IS, WHICH ASPECT WAS MORE IMPORTANT: A PERSON S NATURE: THEIR GENES, THE QUALITIES THEY INHERITED FROM THEIR PARENTS A PERSON S NURTURE: HOW THEY WERE TAKEN CARE OF, WHAT THEIR ENVIRONMENT WAS LIKE TODAY, SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THAT A COMBINATION OF NATURE AND NURTURE INFLUENCES HUMAN DEVELOPMENT; NOT ONE OR THE OTHER. BOTH BIOLOGICAL CHANGES AND THE ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCE THE PERSON S COGNITIVE, EMOTIONAL, BEHAVIOURAL AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT.
Theories of human development THE PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENTS OF THE HUMAN LIFE CYCLE: PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT: EVERY ACTION WE PERFORM, CONSCIOUSLY OR UNCONSCIOUSLY, IS A PSYCHOMOTOR ACTION.
Theories of human development THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: CONTROLS EVERY MOVEMENT AND EVERY ACTIVITY THAT TAKES PLACE IN A HUMAN BEING S BODY. IT CONSISTS OF THE BRAIN AND THE SPINAL CHORD. THE BRAIN SENDS MESSAGES TO ALL THE NERVES IN THE BODY THROUGH THE SPINAL CHORD. THE BRAIN RECEIVES MESSAGES FROM THE NERVES THAT TRAVEL THROUGH THE SPINAL CHORD. IT CONTROLS VOLUNTARY ACTIONS (ACTIONS WHICH WE THINK ABOUT DOING LIFTING YOUR ARM, RUNNING) IT CONTROLS INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS (ACTIONS THAT WE DON T THINK ABOUT DOING BREATHING, HEART BEAT) ALL INFORMATION ABOUT ANY ACTION THAT THE HUMAN BODY MUST PERFORM IS SENT TO AND FROM THE BRAIN BY THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, CONSCIOUSLY OR UNCONSCIOUSLY. THE BIOLOGICAL CHANGES THAT TAKE PLACE FROM ONE PHASE TO ANOTHER IN THE HUMAN LIFE CYCLE, OCCUR IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. THESE CHANGES ARE DRIVEN BY OUR GENES.
Theories of human development MOTOR DEVELOPMENT: MOTOR MEANS MOVEMENT THE STUDY OF MOTOR DEVELOPMENT: IS THE STUDY OF HOW MOVEMENT IS CONTROLLED BY THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND HOW HUMAN BEINGS ENVIRONMENT AFFECTS THEIR MOVEMENTS. THE ENVIRONMENT CONTROLS AND GUIDES OUR MOVEMENT BY PROVIDING US WITH STIMULIAND SENSORY INFORMATION. THE BRAIN PERCEIVES STIMULI AND RECEIVES SENSORY INFORMATION FROM THE NERVES THROUGH THE SPINAL CHORD IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. THE BRAIN SENDS MESSAGES BACK TO THE NERVES ABOUT HOW TO MOVE IN RESPONSE TO THE INFORMATION.
Theories of human development HOW MOTOR SKILLS DEVELOP DURING INFANCY, FROM NEW BORN TO TWO YEARS OLD: NEW BORN REFERS TO A BABY UP TO SEVEN DAYS OLD. THE FIRST MOVEMENT THAT NEW BORN BABIES MAKE ARE THE REFLEXES THAT HELP THEM TO SURVIVE. BABIES AS YOUNG AS 2 HOURS CAN USUALLY FOLLOW A LIGHT WITH THEIR EYES, AND WILL BLINK OR CLOSE THEIR EYES WHEN THEY SUDDENLY SEE A LIGHT THAT IS TOO BRIGHT. NEW BORN BABIES CAN TURN THEIR HEADS TOWARD AND AWAY FROM VISUAL AND AUDITORY STIMULI. THESE REFLEXES SHOULD PROTECT BABIES SO THAT THEY CAN SURVIVE. THESE MOVEMENTS ARE NOT CONSCIOUSLY CONTROLLED BY THE BABIES. AS BABIES GET OLDER, THEIR MOVEMENTS BECOME MORE AND MORE CONTROLLED: SMILING ONLY BECOMES VOLUNTARY WHEN A BABY IS 2 -3 MONTHS OLD; BEFORE THAT, A BABY S SMILE IS A REFLEX.
Theories of human development HOW MOTOR SKILLS DEVELOP DURING INFANCY, FROM NEW BORN TO TWO YEARS OLD (CONTINUED) IN THE FIRST YEAR OF A BABY S LIFE, MOTOR SKILLS DEVELOP NATURALLY. BY 4 MONTHS, MOST BABIES CAN REACH FOR AND GRAB AN OBJECT. THEY CAN SIT UP BY THEMSELVES WITHOUT ANY SUPPORT FOR ABOUT A MINUTE. BY 7 MONTHS, MOST BABIES ARE STARTING TO CRAWL. BY 10 MONTHS, THEY CAN USUALLY CRAWL ON HANDS AND KNEES. THEY CAN STAND WITH SUPPORT BY 10 MONTHS. BY 12 MONTHS, THEY CAN USUALLY STAND WITHOUT SUPPORT. BY 14 MONTHS, MOST BABIES CAN WALK WITHOUT SUPPORT. BY THE TIME THEY ARE 2 YEARS OLD, THEY CAN RUN, WALK AND PICK UP AN OBJECT FROM THE FLOOR WITHOUT FALLING DOWN.
Theories of human development MILESTONES AS DESCRIBED BY WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION: SITTING WITHOUT SUPPORT STANDING WITH SUPPORT HANDS-AND-KNEES CRAWLING WALKING WITH ASSISTANCE STANDING ALONE WALKING ALONE REMEMBER, NOT ALL HUMANS DEVELOP AT THE SAME PACE. THESE MILESTONES ARE TRUE FOR MOST BABIES, BUT MANY FACTORS CAN AFFECT THE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF HUMANS. WHY DOES THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO) USE MILESTONES OF CHILDREN S MOTOR DEVELOPMENT, ESPECIALLY IN POOR COMMUNITIES? HOW IS THE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN RELATED TO THEIR HEALTH? THROUGH MILESTONES, THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CHILD CAN BE MONITORED. USUALLY A CHILD S DEVELOPMENT IS RELATED TO HIS/HER HEALTH.
Theories of human development: Psychomotor development MOTOR DEVELOPMENT INVOLVES: GROSS MOTOR SKILLS: SKILLS THAT ARE PERFORMED BY LARGER MUSCLE GROUPS MUSCLES IN ARMS, LEGS, TORSO CRAWLING, STANDING AND WALKING ARE GROSS MOTOR SKILLS FINE MOTOR SKILLS: SKILLS THAT ARE PERFORMED BY SMALLER MUSCLE GROUPS MUSCLES IN HANDS AND FINGERS, MOUTH, EYES CUTTING, DRAWING AND HOLDING YOUR PENCIL ARE FINE MOTOR SKILLS
Theories of human development: Psychomotor development MOST ACTIONS INVOLVE GROSS MOTOR AND FINE MOTOR SKILLS AT THE SAME TIME. THE ABILITY TO USE FINE MOTOR SKILLS IS USUALLY DEVELOPED LATER IN LIFE THAN THE ABILITY TO USE GROSS MOTOR SKILLS. MOTOR SKILLS (COMBINATION OF GROSS AND FINE MOTOR SKILLS) ARE BEST DEVELOPED WITH A LOT OF PRACTICE. AGE IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR SKILLS. MOTOR SKILLS IMPROVE MOST RAPIDLY BETWEEN 5 20 YEARS OF AGE. DURING ADULTHOOD, MOTOR SKILLS STABILISE (NO IMPROVEMENT OR DECLINE), THEN DECLINE UNTIL OLD AGE.
Possible questions 1. LIST THE FIVE STAGES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. 2. DISCUSS EACH OF THE FOLLOWING CONCEPTS FULLY: * CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM * MOTOR DEVELOPMENT * NATURE VS NURTURE * STIMULI * SENSORY INFORMATION * VISUAL STIMULI * AUDITORY STIMULI * GROSS MOTOR SKILLS * FINE MOTOR SKILLS 3. LIST THE MILESTONES OF THE WHO.
