Understanding Alcohol: History, Effects, and Society Impact

ALCOHOL Group1

OUTLINE. 1- Introduction. 2- History Of Alcohol In U.S. 3- Alcoholic Beverages. 4- Pharmacology Of Alcohol. 5- Effects Of Alcohol. 6- Alcohol Related Issues. 7- Causes Of Alcoholism. 8- Alcohol And Society. 9- Treatment.

OBJECTIVE. * have an Overview of alcohol : history and current uses. * know the kinds of alcoholic beverages and the process of fermentation. * Know the Impact of alcohol in human body. * Know the issues related to alcohol and the cause of alcoholism. * understand the Impact of alcohol on the society. * know the ways of treatment for alcoholism.

INTRODUCTION. It is believed to be the oldest drug known to human and have a big impact on people. Alcohol is not always acknowledged as a drug, because of the following: * Alcohol is legal. * Parents and other role models consume alcohol as a part of their life style.

HISTORY OF ALCOHOL IN U.S. Colonial Times -People have positive attitudes toward it. -Two factors contributed the spread of alcohol : sanitation and nutrition. Temperance Movement -First movement to curb alcohol. Prohibition

CONT. Current Alcohol Use: on the other hand, People who cannot abstain and develop medical and social difficulties are called problem drinkers or alcoholics. Most people who drink today are social drinkers. They are able to abstain from alcohol at will. Their drinking patterns do not lead to long- term health or social problems, although they may experience immediate risks such as accidents.

CONT. A number of variables correlate with drinking patterns :. Adolescents living in rural areas binge drink more than urban adolescents. People who engage in binge eating are more likely to engage in binge drinking. Whites people begin drinking at an earlier age than Blacks (African American)and Hispanics (Mexican American). Gay men and lesbians in the US are more likely to drink heavily than heterosexuals. Binge drinking is more common in households with high SES Than low SES. Definition of binge drinking is :. consuming five drinks or more (men) or four drinks (women) in short time

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES. - Distillation: a heating process that increase alcohol content. - Ethyl alcohol: the form of alcohol that people consume. - Fortified wines: beverages produced by adding alcohol to slightly sweetened wines. - Methyl alcohol: wood alcohol; not fit for human consumption, may lead to blindness and death. - Alcopops: malt, distilled alcohol containing, or wine-containing beverages which have been flavored with fruit juices or other added ingredients. - Fermentation: the process of transforming certain yeasts, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen of sugar and water into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.

PHARMACOLOGY OF ALCOHOL. Alcohol is transformed in the liver into acetaldehyde and then acetate, water and carbon dioxide then eliminated from the body with the urine and sweat. Acetaldehyde is the product of metabolism of alcohol by the liver; also found in tobacco smoke. Males and females absorb alcohol at different rates. Because the average male body is larger and contains more water than the average female, males are less likely to feel the effects from the same amount of alcohol. The effect of alcohol begin when the BAC/BAL is 0.05% as the BAC increase , behavioral and subjective effects become more pronounced, so drinking too much alcohol in a short time can be fatal. Blood alcohol concentration(BAC)/ blood alcohol level(BAL) percentage of alcohol in the bloodstream.

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL. Two Important factors that determine how alcohol affects the body are Frequency of use and Quantity consumed.

The liver. women Effects Of Alcohol. Immune system Gastrointest inal tract Cardiovascu lar-lar system cancer Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

CONT. Alcohol and the brain. -Alcohol damage the brain cell -alcoholics experience memory loss and difficulty with problem solving and decision making. Alcohol and the liver. alcohol increase the liver damage and destroy the cells. The three main condition associated with overuse of alcohol are fatty liver, alcohol hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Alcohol and the gastrointestinal tract -causes bleeding and inflammation -may cause cancer Alcohol and the cardiovascular system - Alcohol consumption can be both protective or harmful to heart. - Protective : moderate alcohol use reduces the risk of many heart disease - Harmful : Alcohol affects the heart muscles , contributing to poor circulation , raises blood pressure, and increases the risk of stroke.

CONT. Alcohol and the immune system Alcohol and cancer Alcohol and women Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders -females alcoholics are more likely than males alcoholic to have liver damage, hypertension, anemia and malnutrition. The alcohol interferes with the movement of white blood cells which is leading to reduce the immunity system of the body and make alcoholics more prone to infection. - it s term describing the affect that may occur as a result of women who drink alcohol while pregnant. - Difficult to diagnose. - Children with FASD marked by head and facial anomalies. Also they may have mental and behavioral problem, such as hyperactive and short attention span. Alcohol is associated with cancer of the pharynx, esophagus, larynx, liver and breast cancer

ALCOHOL RELATED ISSUES. 1| Underage drinking 2| Caffeinated alcohol - Alcoholic Beverages with caffeine. - Caffeinated alcohol enables an individual to be awake longer and so he is able to drink more. Hence, these drinks result in greater intoxication. Problem associated with underage drinking include: injuries and deaths caused by automobile crashes and alcohol-induced violence unplanned and unprotected sex poor academic performance and dropping out of school illegal behavior and delinquency suicide - It has been shown that caffeinated alcohol adversely affects visual-spatial ability as well as cognitive functioning.

CONT. 3|Problem drinker 4| Alcoholism/Alcoholic - Alcoholism has many definitions, non of which is universally accepted. - some consider it to be disease, and some said the term Alcoholism in favor of alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence. -Two common threads that run through the various definitions of alcoholism are the following: 1-Alcoholics are unable to control their drinking 2-Some physical, social or psychological consequence will result from their drinking. - Problem drinker may drink infrequently- once a month or once a year- but they have problems when consuming alcohol at those time such as interpersonal, financial or social problems. - A common symptom of problem drinker is blackout, characterized by temporary memory loss.

The characteristic of alcohol withdrawal :. CONT. 1- Delirium tremens :. a potentially fatal withdrawal symptom marked by delusions and confusion. DTs cannot be cured, and medical supervision is necessary. 5|Withdrawal Alcoho can create dependency. Thus, an alcohol-dependent person who stops drinking undergoes withdrawal symptoms. 2- Extreme Arousal :. Characterized by anxiety, hunger and inability to get sleep. 3- Auditory and visual :. visions and imaginary perceptions occur in about one-fourth of alcoholics during withdrawal. *The first five days are the most sever, although withdrawal symptoms can last for week 4- physiological symptoms :. include elevated temperature and blood pressure, fast pulse, dilation of pupils. 5- cognitive symptoms :. Impaired concentration, memory and judgment.

CAUSES OF ALCOHOLISM. 3- culture Drinking pattern and alcohol policies are vary greatly across cultures. Religious group such as Muslims and Mormons advocate abstinence while other religions are not. 1- Genetics 2-psychsocial factors

ALCOHOL AND SOCIETY. ACOAs should recognize the following four steps: 1-Automobile accidents: The leading cause of death among the youth is driving with BAC is 0.08 or more. 2- Accidents and Suicide: Alcohol use is high among those who die from suicide and accidents. 3- family violence: Alcohol is more likely to be involved in partner violence and child abuse. 4- Children of alcoholics: Children of alcoholics are more likely to have poor communication, less trust, depression, loneliness, stomach problem and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) than other children. 1- The family affected by alcoholism is not a normal family. 2- Responsibility and blame for an alcoholic family do not rest with them. 3- Growing up in an alcoholic household, although extremely painful, can be a learning experience. 4- ACOAs have to acquire skills to form healthy relationships. The harmful effects of prenatal alcohol abuse do not end with childhood. Adult Children Of Alcohol (ACOAs) find it hard of the adults to receive and give love, easily depressed and feel guilt.

TREATMENT. Criticisms Of AA Include The Following: * AA treats underlying symptoms of alcoholism but not its underlying causes. * People who became dependent on AA are substituting one dependency for another * AA advocates that alcoholism is a disease, a position that undermines personal responsibility or behavior * AA ignores environmental factors that can contribute to alcoholism such as advertising, poverty and racism. * AA is rigid in its beliefs 1- Alcoholics Anonymous : * AA is an international fellowship of men and women who have had a drinking problem. It is nonprofessional, self-supporting, and available almost everywhere. * The only requirement for membership in AA is the desire to stop drinking. * AA uses a 12-step program based on a spiritual connection to a higher power (such as God) to help people overcome their addictions

CONT. 3- Medications 1-Disulfiram (Antabuse). It s a medication that act as aversive agent by interacting with alcohol in a such way that the drinker becomes violently ill. 2-Naltrexone it s a medication that helps reduce the pleasure that alcoholics receive from drinking and reduce the cravings for alcohol. 3-Acamprosate it s a medication that inhibits the cravings for alcohol and food, and helps to maintain abstinence. 2- Controlled drinking approach : It s alcohol treatment based on behavior modification, in which the person learns to drink in a non- abusive manner.

RELAPSE. 1/ Negative emotional states such as frustration, anxiety, depression. Three factors contribute to relapse among alcoholics :. 2/ Interpersonal conflicts with a spouse, family member, or friend. 3/ social pressure from a person or group of people.

SUMMERY 3- Alcoholic Beverages. Ethyl alcohol, - Methyl alcohol, Fermentation, Distillation, Fortified wines , Alcopops 1- Alcohol is not always acknowledged as a drug, because of the following: * Alcohol is legal. * Parents and other role models consume alcohol as a part of their life style. 4- Pharmacology Of Alcohol. Acetaldehyde , BAC 5- Effects Of Alcohol. Impact of alcohol in human body 6- Alcohol Related Issues. Underage drinking Caffeinated alcohol, Problem drinker, alcoholism 7- Causes Of Alcoholism. Genetics , psychosocial factors, culture. 8- Alcohol And Society. Automobiles, accidents and suicide , family violent , ACOAs. 9- Treatment. Alcoholics Anonymous Medication, Relapse. 2- History Of Alcohol In U.S. - Colonial Times - Temperance Movement - Prohibition - Current Alcohol Use :. social drinkers , problem drinkers or alcoholics

DEFINITIONS. #1 social drinkers. They are able to abstain from alcohol at will. Their drinking patterns do not lead to long-term health or social problems, although they may experience immediate risks such as accidents. problem drinkers People who cannot abstain and develop medical and social difficulties binge drinking consuming five drinks or more (men) or four drinks (women) Ethyl alcohol the form of alcohol that people consume. Methyl alcohol wood alcohol; not fit for human consumption, may lead to blindness and death. Fermentation the process of transforming certain yeasts, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen of sugar and water into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Distillation a heating process that increase alcohol content. Fortified wines beverages produced by adding alcohol to slightly sweetened wines. Alcopops malt, distilled alcohol containing, or wine-containing beverages which have been flavored with fruit juices or other added ingredients. Acetaldehyde is the product of metabolism of alcohol by the liver; also found in tobacco smoke.

DEFINITIONS. #2 Blood alcohol concentration(BAC) blood alcohol level(BAL) percentage of alcohol in the bloodstream Caffeinated alcohol alcoholic Beverages with caffeine. enables an individual to be awake longer and so he is able to drink more. Hence, these drinks result in greater intoxication. Controlled drinking approach It s alcohol treatment based on behavior modification, in which the person learns to drink in a non-abusive manner. Alcoholics Anonymous is an international fellowship of men and women who have had a drinking problem. It is nonprofessional, self-supporting, and available almost everywhere. Disulfiram (Antabuse). It s a medication that act as aversive agent by interacting with alcohol in a such way that the drinker becomes violently ill. Naltrexone it s a medication that helps reduce the pleasure that alcoholics receive from drinking and reduce the cravings for alcohol. Acamprosate it s a medication that inhibits the cravings for alcohol and food, and helps to maintain abstinence.

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