Understanding Different Types of Building Structures

Two types of building 1. Based upon occupancy 2. Based on structure

Building include based upon occupany. 1. Residential building 2. Educational building 3. Institutional building 4. Assembly building 5. Business building 6. Mercantile building 7. Industrial building 8. Storage building

1.Load bearing structure It has lod bearing walls which receive the loads and transmit the same to the ground though their foundation. 20,30,40,cm thick walls are load bearing walls. R.c.c slab is provided directly on load bearing walls.

2.Framed structure In the buildings with frammed structure,load is transferred through a frame of R.C.C slab,beam,colomn. In this type of structures,there are partition walls of 10 cm thick,which divide and enclosethe space. Construction time is less.

Various loads are taken into account while designing the foundation of a structure loads coming on a structure are:

Minimum live lord ( Kg/ Minimum live lord ( Kg/?2) ) No. No. Type of floor Type of floor Dwelling house, hospitals , hostels 1 1 200 2 2 Office ,light work room 250-400 Bank, office, reading room Shops, classrooms, assembly halls, restaurants, power station Warehouse, workshop, factory, store room , dancehall Light garage 3 3 300 4 4 400 5 5 500-1000 6 6 250-400 7 7 8 8 9 9 Heavy garage Stairs Balcony 750 300-500 300-500

Number of floors carried by member (column, foundation, wall etc.) Number of floors carried by member (column, foundation, wall etc.) Total L.L on all floors above the member Total L.L on all floors above the member 1 1 2 2 100% 90% 3 3 80% 4 4 70% 5 5 60% 6 or more 6 or more 50%

NO NO Material/structure Material/structure Unit weight Unit weight Wall : brick masonry 10 cm thick 20 cm thick 30 cm thick Roof :G.I sheet 0.5 mm thick 1.63 mm thick A.C sheet Slab R.C.C PCC (plain cement concrete ) Mangalore tiles Clay Sand Fresh water Steel Cement Timber Bricks 1 1 192 ??/?3 384 ??/?3 576 ??/?3 5 ??/?3 13 ??/?3 12.15.6 ??/?3 2400 ??/?3 2300 ??/?3 63 ??/?3 1440-1760 ??/?3 1540-2000 ??/?3 1000 ??/?3 7850 ??/?3 1440 ??/?3 650-720 ??/?3 1600-1920 ??/?3 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 12 10 11 12

Basic building components SUPER STURCTURE Plinth D.P.C Walls and colums Floors Beams Roofs and slabs Lintels and Aechers Doors and Window Chajjas Parapet Steps and Stairs Cupboard and Shelves SUPER STURCTURE Substructer Substructer Foundation

A typical cross section through door and window showing all Building components A typical cross section through door and window showing all Building components

Defination Components Defination of building Components of building Foundetion building Plinth floor level. It is the loer most part of building Walls Column or concreate Stair Roof Floors floors Lintel opening the Beam Foundetion - It is a sturcture below the G.L . It is the lowest part of a Plinth It is the portion of a building above ground up to the finished Walls It costructed by the use of bricks, stone, concrete , blocks , etc. Column It is a load bearingg member of smaal section of bricks or stone Stair It is series of steps to connect the different floors of building Roof It is the uppermost part of a building to cover the space below Floors The floors of each storey, above ground level are none as upper Lintel It is defined as a horizontal structural member provided across the doors and window Beam It is defined as a horizontal structural member provided rested

Types of Foundation Shallow Deep Pile Pier Well or Cassions Spread footing Strap footing Combind footing Mat footing For walls for columns Rectangular Trapezodial Simple Stepped Grillage Single Stepped Sloped

If depth of foundation is equal to or less than its width, it is called shallow foundations. Generally it is 3 to 4 m.

Spread footing Spread footing -- which spread the super improsed load of wall or over larger area. Masonary walls have stepped footing with a concrete base.

STRAP FOOTING -- If the independent footing of two columns are connected by a beam it is called a strap footing. COMBINED FOOTING -- A spread footing which support two or more colomuns

RAFT or MAT foundation RAFT or MAT foundation It is a combined footing that covers the entire area beneat a structure and supports all walls and columns. GRILLAGE Foundation GRILLAGE Foundation Grillage foundation is a special type of isolated footing and it is provided for heavily loaded steel stanchions -The depth of foundation is 1 to 1.5m

(1) (2) - Brick Masonry Wall (1)Plinth (2) Wall Plinth Wall (i) Load bearing ( 20,30,40 cm) (ii) Non-load bearing (Partition wall 10 )

(3) Roof (3) Roof -- Types of roof Flat Sloped Domes Lean-to-roof King post truss Queen post truss Cylindrical Spherical

( (i i) RCC SLAB WITH BEAM ) RCC SLAB WITH BEAM (ii) LEAN TO ROOF (ii) LEAN TO ROOF

(4) FLOOR -- A floor provides a plane surface to support the occupants, furniture and any equipment. TYPES OF FLOOR (1) Ground floors (2) Upper floors The different types of floor which are commonly used for floor constuction (1) Mud and Muram (9) Brick (2) Flag stone (10) C.C (3) Terrazzo (11)Marble (4) Tiles (12)Asphalt (5) Timber (13)Glass (6) Rubber (14)Granite (7) Cor (15)Mosaic tiles (8) Plastic or PVC

Types of Door Types of Door (1) Battened and ledged door (2) Framed and panelled door (3) Flush door (4) Revolving door (5) Swing door (6) Collapsible steel door (7) Mild steel sheet door (8) Glazed door