Understanding DNA in Genomics Education

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated The Genomics Game (quick-start quiz) by NHS England s Genomics Education Programme This quiz-only version of the resource lets you jump right in with no setup. Challenge your learners on the genetics and genomics fundamentals, as well as how they apply in modern healthcare systems. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Chapter selection Diagnostics Start here, or skip to: Infections and genomics About DNA Cancer genomics Chromosomes Family history Genes vs genomes How results are far reaching Genomes to proteins Precision medicine (and pharmacogenomics) Inheritance and variation Research and techniques The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated In biology, what does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid B A Did not attend Dominant nucleic acid Duonucleotide acid D C DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is molecule made up of four chemical letters which are A, T, C and G. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated What does the molecule DNA do? B A transports oxygen to cells holds our genetic material D C prepares dinner passes on inherited traits DNA is a long molecule that contains our genetic information. Parents can pass on their physical traits because of DNA. DNA is sometimes called the molecule of life . The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated In humans, where is DNA found? In most of our cells B A In all of our cells In none of our cells In some of our cells D C Most cellular DNA is found in the nucleus. Nearly every cell in your body has DNA. Exceptions include red blood cells as they don t have a nucleus. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Genetics is the study of all an individual s DNA False True Genetics is the study of individual genes. The study of all an organism s DNA is called genomics. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated What is a chromosome? A type of enzyme B A Compact form of DNA The centre of the cell An organelle D C A chromosome is a tightly bundled molecule of DNA and associated proteins. It is how the DNA is organised in the cell s nucleus. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated How many chromosomes do most human cells contain? 23 24 46 92 Most human cells have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Half our chromosomes come from our biological mother, the other from our biological father. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated What are genes? All the DNA in the cell B A Specific parts of DNA A fashion item Energy power-houses D C Genes are the instructions for making complex molecules, such as proteins. Genes are needed for our cells to function. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated What is a genome (gee-nome)? B A A cell s entire genetic material A tiny group of genes D C A garden ornament A model organism A genome is an organism s complete genetic material. In humans, this is made of DNA. The human genome contains 3 billion letters of DNA. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated How much of your genome is the same as everyone else s? 1% 50% 90% 99.8% Among us, 99.8% of our genome is shared. Between two people, only 0.2% is different. Most of these differences cause no health problems but some can lead to genetic diseases or conditions. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated What does the central dogma of biology explain? B A How proteins code for genes Protein transport in a cell D C How genes code for proteins Why dogs are cute A cell reads a gene to accurately make proteins, but proteins can t be read to accurately make genes. The central dogma describes this one-way flow of information. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Approximately how many protein-coding genes does the human genome have? 2,000 20,000 200,000 2 million The human genome has about 20,000 protein-coding genes. These genes tell our cells how to make different types of proteins needed for our cells, organs and bodies to work. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated How much of your genome contains the instructions to make proteins? 2% 32% 82% 99% Less than 2% of your genome tells the cell how to make proteins. The other 98% is also important, and our knowledge on its role is increasing. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Which word describes passing down genetic information? B A Trait Inherited D C Transmission Identity Inherited is the term used to describe a physical characteristic or condition that is shared between biologically related individuals. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated In medicine, what word is preferably used to indicate that a gene is different than expected? B A Deformity Variant D C Mutation Anomaly Gene variant is the preferred term. Mutation is commonly used in research, and occasionally when talking about cancer. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated The size of a change in our genome is directly linked to the potential impact it has on our health. False True It s false. The size of a variation is not linked to its potential effects or impact on health. Health-affecting changes can be small (single DNA letter changes) to very large (changes in chromosome structure). The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated It is certain that two patients, with the same genomic variants, will present with the same symptoms. False True Individuals with the same variants might not present with the same symptoms or any symptoms at all. For some conditions, like Down syndrome, the same genetic variants are always responsible for the condition. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Which are genetically inherited conditions? Huntington disease B A Cystic fibrosis Measles Tuberculosis D C Cystic fibrosis and Huntington disease are caused by genetic variations which are passed on from one or both parents. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Some people have a perfect genome. False True There s no such thing as a perfect genome. We all have variations in our genomes. Variations are what makes us unique. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Genomic sequencing is: reading a genome B A creating a genome destroying DNA alphabetising DNA D C Genomic sequencing is used to read, or map, an individual s genome. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Why do people want to study the genome? Health reasons B A Scientific research Lifestyle reasons To trace ancestry D C In healthcare, we want to improve prediction, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease. For example, variations in our genome can indicate the likelihood of developing certain health conditions. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated The variation in our genome can tell us: B A if you may develop a condition if you will develop a condition D C your ancestry how you may react to a drug The 0.2% variation in our genomes tells us: if someone might develop a genetic condition, if they're more susceptible to a certain condition or disease, and how they may react to specific drugs or interventions. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Now that we ve read the human genome, we know everything about it. False True It s false. There are still things to discover in the human genome. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated To investigate an individual s genome, we need a sample of their DNA. What biological samples will give us DNA? Hair roots, skin cells, bone marrow, blood, tumour cells, faeces, saliva, . . . Almost every cell in our body has a copy of our genome, so DNA can be extracted from all bodily tissues. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Genomic tests are available through the NHS, only. False True Anyone can buy a direct-to-consumer testing (DTC) kit. DTC results give information on ancestry or the presence of variants linked to a number of conditions. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Only humans have a genome. False True It s false. Every living organism has a genome, from bacteria to human beings to plants. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Genomics is used in infectious disease outbreaks. False True Pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses, have a genome too. DNA sequencing allowed us to understand, track and develop measures against the Covid-19 virus. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Antibiotic resistance comes from mutations in bacteria s DNA. False True It s true. Antibiotic resistance is due to DNA mutations in bacteria that help them survive an antibiotic. A patient needs to complete their course of antibiotics to reduce the chance that the infection becomes resistant. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated In an outbreak, we sequence the pathogen s genome to: B A identify number of infected identify the outbreak s source D C identify the drug to use identify the type of pathogen Genomics can give information that can be used to control the pathogen s spread and treat affected people. We cannot tell, via genome sequencing, how many people have been infected. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Cancer is a disease of the genome. False True It s true, cancer is a disease of the genome. All cancers are as a result of changes to the genome. Not all changes will lead to cancer. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated A cancer cell s genome looks the same as a healthy cell s genome. False True If you looked at a cancer cell s genome, it would look different to the genome of a healthy cell. Cancer occurs due to changes in the genome that cause a healthy cell to behave differently. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Sequencing a tumour s genome tells us: B A The type of cancer If the cancer is inherited D C The stage the cancer is at Suitable treatment options Sequencing the tumour s genome tells us a lot about the cancer, like its type, stage and inform on potential treatment. We would need to compare a patient s healthy genome to that of a relative to see if the cancer is a result of an inherited variant. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated The word familial in familial disease means the disease: B A is related to family is related to diet D C is due to a living situation is familiar to doctors The word familial means that a disease or a condition occurs within families or family members. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated In a clinical context, what is a family history? Health details of an individual and their close relatives B A A doctor s photo album D C A patient s ancestry information Data on a family s hospital visits It documents an individual s health information and that of their close relatives. A family history is usually presented in a pictorial diagram known as a genetic family tree, or pedigree. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated A patient is worried about an inherited condition. Do you: access the family s medical records share the patient s genetic results with family members B A draw a family history meet with the patient s immediate family D C By drawing a family history of an individual and their close family members, it may be possible to identify patterns that could indicate an inherited condition. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated In a family history, which has the least clinical value? B A Medical conditions Biological relationships D C Relatives ages at death Relatives names All four can be recorded on a genetic family history, but the names of relatives are least important. Genetic family histories can be used to identify if an inherited condition exists. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Which clinical clues may hint at a genetic condition? Young person with a condition that usually presents later in life An unusual presentation, for instance multiple symptoms B A A step-parent who had the condition D C A condition that runs in families Many signs or symptoms, which are referred to as clinical clues , can indicate an inherited condition. As genetic information connects blood relatives, a step-parent with the condition isn t deemed a clinical clue. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Results from a genetic test will have clinical implications for the patient, only. False True A genetic test result may have a wider impact than that of other medical tests. Genomic information is shared between blood relatives, so a test result may reveal a condition that may affect them. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Angelina Jolie chose to have a double mastectomy based on a genetic diagnosis. False True The actor, Angelina Jolie, chose to have preventative surgery based on a genetic test. The test had revealed a gene variation that increased the actor s chance of developing breast cancer. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated A patient s genomic information should always be handled sensitively. How can sensitive data be protected? Firewalls and encryption Storing data away from personal identifiers Restricting and monitoring access to data Robust consent process The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Which best defines the word pharmacogenomics ? A treatment involving changing a person s genome Using genomics to tailor drug treatment for individuals B A A type of gene therapy A type of intervention that produces no side effects D C Genetic and genomic information can be used to tailor pharmaceutical therapies to each individual. The patient s genome can tell us the drug and dose combination most effective for them. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated A patient s genomic information is the only factor considered for precision medicine. False True It s false. Precision medicine describes treatment or care specifically tailored to the individual. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024

Genomics Education Programme logo A blue and white logo Description automatically generated Thank you for taking part in The Genomics Game (quiz) If you found it useful, consider letting your education and training colleagues know about this resource. We welcome any and all feedback or comments. Please contact us. The Genomics Game (quiz) NHS England s Genomics Education Programme Original pub. date: 23 April 2024; Version pub. date: 20 May 2024