Understanding Macromolecules and their Functions

Macromolecules Macromolecules http://scienceforkids.kidipede.com/chemistry/organic/pictures/protein.jpg August 14-17, 2015

Objective Identify macromolecules and describe their Identify macromolecules and describe their functions functions

Macromolecules Macromolecules are large organic molecules that consist of chains of repeating subunits called monomers. Macromolecule Monomer Monosaccharides Fatty acids Amino acids Nucleotides

Macromolecules Macromolecules are large organic molecules that consist of chains of repeating subunits called monomers. Macromolecule Monomer Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Monosaccharides Fatty acids Amino acids Nucleotides

Carbohydrates All have formula: CnH2nOn Classified as Monosaccharides (one) Disaccharides (two) Polysaccharids (many) Function in humans: Energy storage Glucose (monosaccharide)

Monosaccharides Glucose used to transport energy through the blood to all cells in the body Ribose found in nucleic acids

Monosaccharides Glucose used to transport energy through the blood to all cells in the body Ribose found in nucleic acids glucose ribose

Disaccharides Lactose Found in milk

Polysaccharides Glycogen Used for energy storage in liver & muscles Made of glucose molecules

Carbohydrate Quick Review 1) What are the 3 types of carbohydrates? 2) What is the main function of carbohydrates in humans? 3) How will you recognize a carbohydrate?

Lipids Diverse, but all are non-polar (thus hydrophobic) Type Triglycerides (fats & Oils) Type Function Function Energy storage, insulation Steroids (including cholesterol) Phospholipids Hormones, part of cell membrane Chief component of cell Membrane; Covers Nerves Vitamins (A, E, K) Vital for many functions

Triglycerides Fun Facts What s the difference between Oils vs. Fats?

Triglycerides Fun Facts What s the difference between Oils vs. Fats? Oils are liquid at room temperature, while fats are solid.

Triglycerides Fun Facts What s the difference between Saturated and Unsaturated Fats?

Triglycerides Fun Facts What s the difference between Saturated and Unsaturated Fats? Saturated fats are saturated with hydrogens and thus form a straight chain. Unsaturated fats have some double bonds, and thus are bent.

Energy Storage: Lipids Vs. Carbs LIPIDS Usually long-term More energy dense Cannot be easily transported Doesn t impact osmotic balance Less easily digested Carbs Usually short-term Less energy dense Can be transported Impacts osmotic balance More easily digested

Lipid Quick Review 1. What property do all Lipids share? 2. Name 3 examples of lipids in the body. 3. Why would we store excess energy as Fat, rather than carbohydrates?

Amino Acids Proteins are folded Proteins are folded--up chains of amino acids. up chains of amino acids. There are 20 There are 20 commonly commonly occurring occurring amino acids amino acids.

Protein structure http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/APFallLect2_files/image018.jpg

Functions of Proteins Function Example Details Shape Enzymes lactase Breaks down lactose globular Movement Slide past each other to cause muscle contraction myosin & actin Fibrous Transport hemoglobin Carries oxygen in blood globular Structural Tough fiber that provides strength collagen Fibrous Hormones insulin Regulates blood sugar globular Defense immunoglobins Antibodies globular Partial list only!

Nucleic Acids DNA: Genetic Information RNA: Transcribes and translates DNA to make proteins

Nucleotide structure Each nucleotide has three parts: A phosphate group A sugar A nitrogenous base (A, C, T, or G)

ATP The energy Currency of the Cell

Stop & Jot, then Share 1. Which macromolecule has the most complex structure? Why do you say that? 2. Which macromolecule has the most diversity of functions?

Quick Review Identify the macromolecule and Function RNA Phospholipid Glycogen Collagen Lactose Insulin