Understanding Microprocessors and Integrated Circuits
Explore the world of microprocessors and integrated circuits, their significance in modern technology, and how they power various devices in our everyday lives. From the birth of the microprocessor to its integration into microcomputers and microcontrollers, delve into the fundamental concepts and applications of these intricate systems. Uncover the role of microprocessors in processing input voltages to generate output signals based on programmed instructions, and understand the key components and functions that make up these essential devices. Discover the evolution of technology through integrated circuits, enabling the construction of complex electronic circuits in compact sizes, shaping the future of digital systems and advancements in computing technology.
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Presentation Transcript
Dr. Eng. / Mohamed Hassan EssaiAli, Associate Professor @ Al-Azhar University, Qena. 2020-2021
Microprocessor was born In 1971 by two companies, Intel and Texas Instrument. Microprocessor and microcontroller are in every country, every means of production, and almost every home in the world. What is a microprocessor?
System is any organization or device that includes three features (Input Process - Output).
The process involves analyzing the input voltages and using them to decide on the required output voltages. The decision is based on previously entered instructions (program) that are followed quite blindly, sensible or not.
0.5 inch (12 mm) across it is encapsulated in plastic or ceramic case Connecting pins are molded into the case microprocessor then plugs into a socket on the main circuit board. The size, shape and number of pins microprocessor depend on the amount of data that it is designed to handle. on the
Integrated circuits An electronic circuit fabricated out of a solid block of semiconductor material (solid state circuit), allows for very complex circuits to be constructed in a small volume. Microprocessor ( p) just an integrated circuit as in previous slide. On its own, without a surrounding circuit and applied voltages it is quite useless. Microprocessor-based system This is any system that contains a microprocessor.
Microcomputer The particular microprocessor-based systems that happen to be used as a computer. Microcontroller This is a complete microprocessor-based control system built onto a single chip. MPU and CPU An MPU is a Microprocessor Unit or microprocessor. A CPU is the central brain of a computer and can be (usually is) made from one or more microprocessors.
Micro means one-millionth or 1 X 10 6 mean something very small like a very small processor or microprocessor. becomes an abbreviation microcomputer, microprocessor-based system or a micro controller . represented by the Greek letter (mu) It was only a small step for microprocessor to become abbreviated to P. for micro- processor,
Most microprocessors use a power supply of 5 V or 3.3 V. To keep the arithmetic easy, we will assume a 5 V system. 0 = 0 V 1 = 0.5 V 2 = 1 V 3 = 1.5 V 4 = 2 V 5 = 2.5 V 6 = 3 V 7 = 3.5 V 8 = 4 V 9 = 4.5 V This seemed to work nicely but we ignored the effect of noise.
Since the noise is random, it is possible, of course, to get a final result that is too low, too high or even correct.
High temperature = high noise Low temperature = low noise Put the whole system into a very cold environment by dropping it in liquid nitrogen (about 200 C) or taking it into space where the shade temperature is about 269 C. ?
5 V supply would accommodate a 10-digit counting system if each digit was separated by 0.5 V or, using the more modern choice of 3.3 V, the digits would be separated by only 0.33 V. Questions: 1-Using a 5 V supply and a denary system, what is the highest noise voltage that can be tolerated? 2- Why don t we just increase the operating voltage to say, 10 V, or 100 V?
Reduces the number of digits within the voltage range. Provides a safety zone between each voltage.
Nibble A group of four bits handled as a single lump. It is half a byte Byte A byte is simply a collection of 8 bits. Word A number of bits can be collected together. Unlike a byte, a word does not have a fixed number of bits in it. The most likely values are 8, 16, 32and 64 bits but no value is excluded. Long word In some microprocessors where a word is taken to mean say 16 bits, a long word would mean a group of twice the normal length
