Understanding Ontology in Social Sciences and Philosophy

Ontologi Administrasi Muhamad Imam Alfie Syarien

CabangFilsafat Ontologi Filsafat Epistemologi Aksiologi

Ontologi administrasi Ontos = ada; logos= ilmu Penyelidikan yang sifatnya sangat mendasar dari sesuatu yang nyata secara fundamental dan cara yang berbeda Ontologi mengubah pola pikir praktisi (dan ilmuwan) administrasi dari mitosentris menjadi logisentris

Pertanyaan Apa itu administrasi? Apa yang dipelajari dalam ilmu administrasi?

Ontologi di Ilmu Sosial Ilmu-ilmu sosial pada dasarnya berbicara tentang manusia Sosiologi manusia dan lingkungan sosial Ekonomi manusia dan sumber daya Politik manusia dan kekuasaan Ilmu administrasi sebagai bagian dari ilmu sosial juga berfokus pada manusia, terutama dalam hubungannya dengan organisasi Dengan demikian, ontologi dalam ilmu administrasi juga berfokus pada hakikat keberadaan manusia

Existence Dapat dilihat dari empat kriteria: State Static vs Dynamic Static: being simply is (we can know its truth through various means) Dynamic: existence is continually becoming, thus understanding it is difficult beyond temporary snapshots of its expression Expression Whole vs Plural Whole: the source of existence is complete, it cannot be broken apart in some ways Plural: there are many sources of existence Source Transcendent vs Immanent Transcendent: the source of being is beyond that which exists Immanent: the source of being is within that which exists Condition Individualistic vs Relational Individualistic: Being is contained within itself, whether it is considered an abstract single whole or a plurality of actual singular units. Relational: apparently separate beings are actually connected in some way

Parmenides Father of Western philosophy Reality is (static) a unity (whole) there can only be one Truth Our perception of change (dynamic) and difference (plural) is merely an illusion called the way of appearance The way of truth is to understand that reality is unchangeable, timeless, indestructible whole Existence is assumed to be eternal because nothing can come from nothing The source of being is transcendent, separate from the physical (immanent) universe

Heraclitus Father of process philosophy You can never step into the same river twice Reality becomes (dynamic) and is therefore a multitude (plural) across time, thus, there are many truths The only universal principle is change, and all that exists is in a constant state of becoming and dissolving, which produces a particular harmony or balance at any given point in time Yet, he notes that the substance of each state is the same (from all things one and from one all things)

Ontological dichotomies matrix

Undifferentiated Individual One one one one one Human being (one) is an imperfect copy of a metaphysical source that is whole and complete (One) Because each individual is attempting to be like the source of being, they are not differentiated and rather homogenous Being a part of the whole gives one a sense of identity

Differentiated individual One One One One One The source of being is within each being and each individual can be described as a universe of One A complete disconnection or uniqueness sets individuals apart, with a belief that they are completely on their own in the state of nature bonds must be created through social mechanisms

Undifferentiated relational One one One The source of being (One) is both beyond and within all beings (one) There is no actual differentiation among what only appear to be the individual parts A complete unity of both divine and mundane elements in the universe

Differentiated relational O/one O/one O/one O/one O/one The source of being (One) is within all beings, and all beings (one) are connected by virtue of this shared source, yet they are differentiated and unique in their expression Individual is multidimensional and exists within a social context and is therefore both influenced by and influencing the environment

Why is ontology important to administrative science? any political theory rests upon a metaphysic, a concept of the ultimate nature of reality (Waldo 1984) theories of public administration are tied to what we think of as being human (Spicer 2004) Because ontology frames presuppositions about the human relationship to things such as self, world, and others, it shapes how we go about living together, directly impacting public policy The goal is to think through how ontology, political form, and resulting practices can be aligned in a logical manner that leads to desirable results

Ontology implications on politics and religions

Ontology implications on politics and religions

Implikasi ontologi terhadap Ilmu Administrasi Perbedaan ontologi berdampak pada perbedaan cara pandang terhadap pengembangan keilmuan Undifferentiated individual melahirkan positivisme Differentiated individual melahirkan interpretivisme Undifferentiated dan differentiated relational melahirkan mixed methods Memahami perbedaan ontologi juga membantu ilmuwan administrasi menggunakan teori-teori di ilmu administrasi secara kritis, tidak serampangan

Daftar Referensi Makmur 2012, Filsafat Administrasi, Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Stout, Margaret 2012, Competing ontologies: a primer for public administration, Public Administration Review, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 388-398.