Explore the fundamentals of organic chemistry, covering topics such as covalent bonding in carbon atoms, properties of hydrocarbons, differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, and more. Learn about the backbone of organic compounds, the importance of hydrocarbons, and how they are used as fuels. Unravel the concepts of alkanes, saturated vs. unsaturated hydrocarbons, and the significance of bonding in organic molecules.
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Bonding In Carbon Atoms Covalent Carbon always forms 4 bonds Can form both polar and non-polar compounds Being organic means you have carbon Non-electrolytes Molecular Solids Low Melting points and Low boiling points
Hydrocarbons Compounds that are made of just hydrogen and carbon Form the backbone of many types of organic compounds The hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon can be replaced with other atoms or bonds to form new organic compounds
Properties of Hydrocarbons Covalent Polar Bonds but Non-Polar molecules Soft Solids(Think Butter) or Liquids, or gases at room temperature Bonds are weak Contain a lot of energy in the bonds and so they are used as fuels
Alkanes Hydrocarbons that contain all single Hydrogen and Carbon Bonds These are SATURATED because every carbon is using the maximum number of bonds (all single bonds) Used primarily for energy More carbon = more energy More carbon = higher MP and BP More carbon = stronger structure
Saturated Vs. Unsaturated Saturated hydrocarbons contain the maximum number of bonds possible All single bonds, no unused spaces In nutrition, these are the bad stored fats that we are told to avoid Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons
Unsaturated These are hydrocarbons that do not have the maximum number of bonds In these molecules we have spaces created by double or triple bonds within the chain Alkenes and Alkynes are unsaturated Nutritionally these are the good fats that we should be getting in our diets
Alkenes Hydrocarbon with at least ONE carbon- carbon double bond Double bond makes these stronger than alkanes Have higher melting and boiling points Position of the double bond needs to be indicated in the name Start with Ethene because of we need at least two carbons for the 2x bond
How do I name an Alkene? Carbon with the double bond MUST have the lowest number possible Once this is established, name and number all groups making sure the double bond keeps its lowest number All alkenes end with ene Can be branched
Alkynes Hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond End with yne These are the strongest hydrocarbons due to the triple bone Have high melting points and high boiling points Start with ethyne because we need at least 2 carbons for the 3x bond
How do I name an Alkyne Carbon with the triple bond must have the LOWEST number possible in the chain Once this is established, name and number all attached groups as before Check to make sure the triple bond has the lowest number Name with location numbers and end with yne
