Understanding Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Explore the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, their structures, functions, and modes of reproduction. Discover how these fundamental cellular organisms play a crucial role in the diversity of life on Earth.
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Presentation Transcript
Prokaryots and Eukaryotes All living organisms can be sorted into one of two groups depending on the fundamental structure of their cells: 1- Prokaryotes 2- Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Are organisms made up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane- encased organelles. This means the genetic material DNA in prokaryotes is not bound within a nucleus. In addition, the DNA is less structured in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes: in prokaryotes, DNA is a single loop while in Eukaryotes DNA is organized into chromosomes. Most prokaryotes are made up of just a single cell (unicellular) but there are a few that are made of collections of cells (multicellular). Scientists have divided the prokaryotes into two groups, the Bacteria, and the Archaea.
Eukaryotes Are organisms made up of cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus as well as membrane-bound organelles. All animals are eukaryotes. Other eukaryotes include plants, fungi and protists. A typical eukaryotic cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane and contains many different structures and organelles with a variety of functions.
Although prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many differences, they share some common features, including the following: Cell (or plasma) membrane: Outer layer that separates the cell from the surrounding environment and acts as a selective barrier for incoming and outgoing materials. Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid within a cell that is composed primarily of water, salts and proteins. Ribosomes: Organelles that make proteins.
Reproduction Most eukaryotes reproduce sexually (although some protists and single-celled fungi may reproduce through mitosis, which is functionally similar to asexual reproduction). Prokaryotes reproduce asexually, resulting in the offspring being an exact clone of the parent. Some prokaryotic cells also have pili, which are adhesive hair-like projections used to exchange genetic material during a type of sexual process called conjugation.
BASIS FOR COMPARISON PROKARYOTIC CELLS EUKARYOTIC CELLS Size 0.5-3um 2-100um Kind of Cell Single-cell Multicellular Cell Wall Cell wall present, comprise of peptidoglycan Usually cell wall absent, if present (plant cells and fungus), comprises of cellulose Presence of Nucleus Well-defined nucleus is absent, rather 'nucleoid' is present which is an open region containing DNA. A well-defined nucleus is present enclosed within nuclear membrane. Shape of DNA Circular, double-stranded DNA. Linear, double-stranded DNA. Mitochondria Absent Present Ribosomes larger smaller Vesicles Present Present Golgi Apparatus Absent Present Endoplasmic Reticulum Absent Present Mode of Reproduction Asexual sexual Cell divison Binary Fission, (conjugation, transformation, transduction) Mitosis Lysosomes Absent Present Chloroplast Absent Present in plants,algae. Organelles Organelles are not membrane bound, if present. Organelles are membrane bound and are specific in function. Number of Chromosomes Only one (not true called as a plasmid). More than one. Examples Archaea, Bacteria. fungi, protists, Plants and Animals.
