Understanding Relative Pronouns in Epigrams
The use of relative pronouns in Martial's epigrams through examples and explanations. Learn how the number, gender, and case of relative pronouns are determined by their usage in the sentences. Dive into the nuances of apposition, metonymy, and indirect statements in Latin poetry.
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Epigram I-1 the number and gender of a relative pronoun is determined by what it is modifying; the case however is determined by its use in the clause hic = this; ille = that Hic est quem legis ille, quem requiris, Toto notus in orbe Martialis Argutis epigrammaton libellis. Cui, lector studiose, quod dedisti Viventi decus atque sentienti, Rari post cineres habent poetae. R. Pr. (words that mean who or which), and write them down. Try to guess what case each one is in. Masc Martialis is in apposition to ille orbs, orbis, m = circle/ world argutis, 3rddecl adj = witty libellis is diminutive of liber epigrammaton is Greek genitive studiosus is 1st/ 2nddecl adj agreeing with lector in vocative (voc is same as nom unless ending in us; us = e; ius = i) -or suffix = doer; lector comes from lego studiosus = eager est is understood with decus viventi and sentienti are present participles (-ns, -nt-) meaning -ing in English; declined in 3rddeclension cineres is metonymy (substitution of one word for another it suggests) Fem Neut Nom s Find three relative pronouns in the poem qui quae quod Gen s cuius cuius cuius Dat s cui cui cui Acc s quem quam quod Abl s quo qua quo Nom p qui quae quae Rel. Pron. Masc Fem Neut quorum quarum quorum Gen p Nom qui quae quod Dat p quibus quibus quibus Gen cuius cuius cuius Acc p quos quas quae Dat cui cui cui Abl p quibus quibus quibus Acc quem quam quod Abl quo qua quo
Epigram I-38 Quem recitas meus est, o Fidentine, libellus: Sed male cum recitas, incipit esse tuus. quem is rel pronoun modifying libellus Fidentine is in vocative cum here means when male is adverb Rel. Pron. Masc Fem Neut Nom qui quae quod Gen cuius cuius cuius Dat cui cui cui Acc quem quam quod Abl quo qua quo
Epigram I-47 Nuper erat medicus, nunc est vispillo Dialus; Quod vispillo facit, fecerat et medicus. nuper = recently vispillo, vispillonis, m = undertaker quod is relative pronoun fecerat is regular (indicative) pluperfect (3rd prin. part i + era + personal ending), meaning had et here means even or too Rel. Pron. Masc Fem Neut Nom qui quae quod Gen cuius cuius cuius Dat cui cui cui Acc quem quam quod Abl quo qua quo
Epigram II-82 Abscisa servum quid figis, Pontice, lingua? nescis tu populum, quod tacet ille, loqui? Abscisa and lingua are both in the ablative case. Lingua is a noun and abscisa is a perfect passive participle A noun and a participle that are both in the ablative case that go together form an ablative absolute An ablative absolute is translated with the NOUN having been PARTICIPLED or when a present participle is being used with the NOUN being PARTICIPLED Notice in the first example the action is happening in the past, and in the second example the action is happening simultaneously with whatever else is going on. abscisa means having been cut out quid here means why rather than what figis = you fix; you crucify populum is the object of nescis; loqui is what the populum are doing; this is called an indirect statement and we will discuss it in greater detail later this year ille is in apposition to servium There are two words in the first line that are in the Ablative Case. Which are they?
Epigram IV-87 Infantem secum semper tua Bassa, Fabulle, collocat et lusus deliciasque vocat, et, quo mireris magis, infantria non est. ergo quid in causa est? pedere Bassa solet. secum = cum se collocat comes from locat + cum lusus comes from ludus mireris is deponent mireris, also subjunctive = you might wonder magis is comparative adverb = more infantria = fond of babies pedere = to flatulate
Epigram V-81 Semper pauper eris, si pauper es, Aemiliane: dantur opes nulli nunc nisi divitibus. eris is future tense of sum dantur is passive (r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur) = BEING VERBED, rather than just VERBED nulli is declined irregularly (nullus, nullius, nulli, nullum, nullo) nulli is dative
ne = lest mittas is subjunctive meaning might , would , or should Epigram VII-3 Cur non mitto meos tibi, Pontiliane, libellos? Ne mihi tu mittas, Pontiliane, tuos. nubere takes special dative nobis anus, 4th decl, fem = old woman vellem is subjunctive of volo esset is subjunctive in a conditional (si) Epigram X-8 Nubere Paula cupit nobis, ego ducere Paulam Nolo: anus est. Vellem, si magis esset anus.
dotatae, 1st/ 2nd decl adj = richly-dowered harudis, hardinis, f = arrow/ reed acutus, a, -um = sharp novit = knew how Epigram X-16 Dotatae uxori cor harudine fixit acuta, Sed dum ludit Aper: ludere novit Aper. omnis goes with pagina; nostri goes with libri creating an abab pattern known as synchesis pagina = page mane = in the morning Epigram XI-17 Non omnis nostri nocturna est pagina libri: invenies et quod mane, Sabine, legas.
