Understanding Social Psychology Through History

Social Psychology an attempt to understand and explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others (Allport, 1954) https://sites.uni.edu/harton/socialsyll23.htm

Mapping the readings for this week How are the readings this week similar and different from one another?

Brief history of Social Psychology Greek philosophers Psychology begins in 1800s 1864 Cattaneo uses social psych for group emergence 1871 mentioned in Linder s textbook 1876 Ringlemann study 1898 Triplett study

1900-1920s Early textbooks 1908 William McDougall E. A. Ross Floyd Allport s text in 1924 Journal of Abnormal Psych becomes J of Ab Psych and Social Psych in 1921

1930-1940s vs. behaviorism and psychoanalysis WW2 and Nazis Kurt Lewin Studies/Theories Katz & Braley 1933 ethnic stereotypes Mead s 1934 looking glass self Newcomb 1943 Bennington College students LaPiere 1934 attitudes and behavior Asch s 1946 warm vs. cold study Deutsch 1949 studies of cooperation/competition

1950-1960s 1947 SPSP starts, 1965 JPSP and JESP 50s/60s group dynamics wanes. Individuals and attitudes become more prominent GI Bill First handbook 1954 Leon Festinger experimental revolution 1969 Wicker do attitudes predict behavior?

50s-60s Studies/Theories Sherif 1954 Robber s Cave Heider s 1958 balance theory Festinger s 1957 cognitive dissonance theory Thibaut & Kelley s 1959 interdependence theory Asch 1956 studies of conformity Festinger, 1954 social comparison theory Milgram s 1963 obedience studies Hovland and Yale attitude change program, 1960s Hastorf and Cantril 1954 Princeton/Dartmouth game Schachter & Singer, 1962, two factor theory of emotion Heider s 1958 attribution theory Jones and Davis s 1965 theory of correspondent inferences Kelley s 1967 covariation model Brehm, 1966 Reactance theory Rosenthal & Jacobson, 1968 Self-fulfilling prophesy

1970s 70 s cognitive revolution Paper and pencil are king! Gergen, social psych as history McGuire need more diverse methods IRBs, better data analysis techniques EJSP and JASP 1971 PSPB 1975

70s studies/theories Bem, 1972, Self-perception theory Latan and Darley s 1970 research on bystander intervention Byrne 1971 similarity and attraction Berscheid & Walster, 1974 physical attractiveness Gergen 1973 Tversky & Kahneman 1973 heuristics Ajzen & Fishbein, 1974 Theory of reasoned action

1980s 80 s new topics like love and relationships, evolutionary psychology, the self 1980 JPSP split into 3 parts Studies/Theories Petty & Cacioppo, 1986 Elaboration likelihood model Higgin s 1987 self-discrepancy theory Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & Solomon, 1986 terror management theory Tesser 1988 Self-evaluation maintenance theory Swann, 1983 Self-verification theory Tajfel & Turner, 1979 Social identity theory Barron & Kenny, 1986 mediation vs. moderation

1990-2000s 90 s decade of the brain Evolutionary psych Social neuroscience 00 s influence of culture 2000 SPSP conferences began Multidisciplinary Nonconscious approaches Internet Vs. evolutionary psych

2010-2020s What are some major events/controversies/new areas of study in the last 15 years?

McGuires (1973) koan the sound of one hand clapping and the wrong hand We put too much emphasis on testing hypos, not enough on generating them In this nettle chaos, we discern this pattern, truth We need to get away from simple, linear models Observe. But observe people not data We need to remember that data come from people To see the future in the present, find the present in the past We need to put together more data archives and do more longitudinal studies

The new methodology where correlation can indicate causation We should use ANOVAs less and other techniques that let us deal with messier data more. The riches of poverty See the advantages of decreased funding (get more personal with your research, think about it more) The opposite of a great truth is also true It s okay that some of these recommendations conflict with each other. What is the main point of Ellsworth, 2004? What advice does she give? Are we demonstrating or testing?

Important terms relevant to the replication crisis Direct vs. conceptual replication Power analysis Confidence intervals Effect sizes NHST Questionable research practices/ researcher degrees of freedom Badges

Replication crisis timeline 2001 Karen Ruggiero UT-Austin/Harvard made up data 2011 Bem ESP studies 2011 Diederik Stapel fraud in at least 54 papers 2011/2 Simonsohn accuses Dirk Smeesters of fraud 2011+ Open Science Framework gains in popularity, talk of badges, QRPs, false positives 2012 Doyen et al and Harris et al fail to replicate Bargh classic old people study 2012/3 Bargh responds, fights ensue, more replication issues for priming studies 2012 Open letter to priming scientists from D. Kahneman 2015 LaCour case 2015 Open Science article in Science

https://twitter.com/BrianNosek/status/1107627577739 481088/photo/1 (Miguel & Paluck study; rep sample in soc/beh sci

Replication rates of studies (not just a social psych problem) Only 11%-25% of drug studies replicated in private labs. Only 59% of highly cited clinical research studies replicated. Only 44% of associations replicated in genetic studies. Only 25-63% of studies replicated in economics (some using the same data!) Only 46% of cancer biology studies replicated. Only 39% subjectively rated as replicated in psychology, and 62% from Nature/Science. Prinz, Schlange, & Asadullah, 2011; Begley, & Ellis, 2012; Camerer et al., 2018; Ioanndis, 2005; Lohmueller, Pearce, Pike, Lander, & Hirschhorn, 2003; Dewald, Thursby, & Anderson, 1986; Chang & Li, 2015; Open Science Collaboration, 2015; Errington et al., 2021

How much does psychological research replicate? Open Science Collaboration, 2015 Klein et al., 2014, Many Labs 1 Klein et al., 2018, Many Labs 2 Ebersole et al., 2016, Many Labs 3 Study OSC EERP (econ) ML 1 ML 2 ML 3 Cam et al Soto Replication 39% 61% 77% 50% 30% 62% 90% N of studies 100 18 13 28 10 21 101 (associations) Camerer et al., 2018 Soto (2019) personality Klein et al., 2019, Many Labs 4 Ebersole et al., 2020, Many Labs 5 Nosek et al. estimate 64% 307

Case Study Fraud cases of Dan Ariely (Duke) and Francesca Gino (Harvard)

Lakens, 2023 What is the main point of this article? What were the concerns in social psychology in the 60s-70s? How is the current crisis similar to and different from the one in the 70s? How is it similar and different from that discussed by Ellsworth (2004)? What do those similarities and differences tell us about social psychology? Why are we still talking about these same things? What will be the next crisis?

Lewis, 2021? What is his main point? How does this relate to the other readings today or last semester? Why is only studying WEIRD populations a problem? How has psychology been used to hurt people? Is psychology objective? Should it be? Are there any negative effects of the open science movement? How do our beliefs affect what we study and how we interpret findings?

How can we address these issues? Are people who are different seen as more biased? How would psychology (or social psychology) be different if the history of the field were different?

Recent issues Affirmative action in admissions Diversity statements in hiring Diversity, equity, inclusion programming

Theories There s nothing so practical as a good theory. Kurt Lewin What is a theory? What are the purposes of theories? When are theories useful? How can theories help us deal with the replication crisis? What makes a theory good?

Van Lange, 2013 Truth Abstraction Progress Applicability

Sullivan, 2020 What is the main point of this article? How does it fit with Van Lange and Lewis? Lewin s approach to theory (criticisms): Galilean Hypo deductive Positivist Reductionist What does Sullivan suggest theory should do instead?

Theory as Examples? Advantages/disadvantages? Methods? Tool Torch Critical-historical Why have social psychologists shied away from this critical- historical theory? How could history affect our findings? (specific examples)

Relating the readings to your research What type of theory is the one you re basing your thesis study on? How does your background affect how approach your topic and study? How could you have multiple working hypotheses? Are your measures appropriate?

Next week The self Chapter TMT Ego depletion Self-efficacy