Understanding Surface Weather Maps and Lapse Rates for Meteorology Lab Assignments
Explore surface weather maps and lapse rates for meteorology lab assignments, including analyzing isotherms, temperature advection, and lapse rate calculations. Get ready for your final exam with valuable insights on weather patterns and atmospheric conditions.
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Meteo 003: Lab 12 Chapter 6: 12(a-c) Chapter 8: 6(b-e) Chapter 12: 5(a-c) Chapter 18: 4(c-d), 9(a-c), 11(a-e) DUE: Friday Dec. 7
Reminders Reminders Office hours Thursday, 9:30am-10:30am, 606B Walker Email me (kar5469@psu.edu) if you have any questions! Final Exam Thursday, Dec 13. 10:10am-12:00pm, 22 Deike
6.12 (a): Surface Weather Maps Isotherms (temperature oF) Isotherms & streamlines Streamlines (wind) a.) On Streamline map (1) Mark a center of Low and High pressure. (2) Mark two troughs with dash lines. Look for clockwise and counterclockwise wind rotation as well as areas of convergence and divergence Troughs occur in elongated regions of convergence and connect to a center of Low.
6.12 (b-c): Surface Weather Maps b.) Determine the temperature advection (cold or warm) for twenty states. Explain your answer! Remember warm advection is when winds come from higher temperature regions, bringing warm air. c.) Is warm or cold advection favored ahead or behind the cold front? Cold front located at the trough from part (a) Front is moving toward the east Isotherms & streamlines
TEMP oC DWPT oC PRES mb HGHT m DRCT deg SKNT kt 8.6 (b-d): Lapse Rates 668.0 2835 -69.7 -77.7 80 6 660.0 2909 -58.3 -66.3 26 13 647.0 3038 -44.9 -49.3 356 12 b.) Did temp increase or decrease with height in lowest hundred meters? What pressure level did the temp change stop? c.) Is the lapse rate for this layer (between the surface and pressure level from b) positive or negative? Is lapse rate inherently defined as a positive or negative temperature change with height ? If the temperature profile increases with height we call this an ______. d.) Lift the parcel to level in part b. What is the temperature once it is lifted to that level? Surface elevation = 2835m Surface temperature = -69.7 oC 639.0 3122 -41.7 -46.7 336 11 626.0 3262 -39.7 -47.7 305 10 591.0 3657 -38.3 -46.3 240 10 567.0 3939 -40.0 -45.8 215 12 532.0 4373 -42.5 -45.1 207 14 500.0 4790 -44.9 -55.9 200 16 455.0 5418 -47.7 -67.7 223 20 400.0 6260 -53.1 -71.1 225 26 Unsaturated air lifts at the moist/dry(?) adiabatic lapse rate.
8.6 (d-e): Lapse Rates d.) Will the parcel be positively or negatively buoyant? Stable Enviro Lapse Rate < 6 C/km Parcel will sink Conditionally Unstable 6 C/km < Enviro Lapse Rate < 10 C/km Parcel could rise if it becomes saturated Is the parcel warmer (rises) or cooler (sinks) than the environmental temperature at that pressure level? Unstable Enviro Lapse Rate > 10 C/km Parcel will rise e.) Calculate the lapse rate in the 500 mb to 400 mb layer. Discuss layer stability. Remember, lapse rate is temperature change per kilometer, so multiply answer by 1000m/km. Lapse Rate = temperature at top temp at bottom thickness of layer
12.5 (a-c): Strengthening Low a.) Is there a trough to the west of the Low on Feb 23? Look at the heights nearby the X (bottom map) and compare to where the low is in Texas (top map). b.) Behavior of air parcels near a vort max? Remember vorticity is related to how fast a parcel spins February 23 Heights c.) Was there net convergence or divergence at the strengthening low? A strengthening low means pressure continues to decrease Look back in your notes on divergence and convergence associated with a low pressure system February 23 Absolute Vorticity
18.4 (c-d): Melting Greenland Ice c.) How would you describe the degree of melting of Greenland s ice sheet through 2016, relative to previous decades? Justify. Cumulative melt combined total melted area of all previous days Look at the rankings of cumulative melt. Are the rankings fairly high on the list? d.) Does Greenland s ice sheet melting contribute to sea level rise? Justify. Remember ice in Greenland is on land (i.e. NOT an iceberg)
18.9 (a-b): Monthly Concentrations of CO2 a.) When do the lowest CO2 concentrations occur at Mauna Loa (Hawaii) and Barrow (Alaska)? Why that time of year? Hint: Plants have a role in removing CO2 b.) When do the highest and lowest CO2 concentrations occur at the South Pole? Why is it different from the other two locations? Think about the seasons in the two hemispheres
18.9 (c): Monthly Concentrations of CO2 c.) What was the annual range at each location? Range = Maximum - Minimum Why is there a large difference in annual ranges among stations? The ground cover varies at each location (ice vs. vegetation) Compare the ocean vs. land proportions of each hemisphere
18.11 (a-c): Future Temperature Projections a.) Where is warming projected to be greater in N. Hemisphere, low or high latitudes? Explain. How will the albedo of the planet change from the warming? b.) Will westerlies weaken or strengthen? Westerlies depend on a strong temperature gradient between the low and high latitudes How will the temperature gradient change if the high latitudes warm faster? c.) Greater warming over continents or oceans? Explain why it makes sense. How does heat capacity of water differ from land?
18.11 (d-e): Future Temperature Projections d.) Speculate the accessibility of the Northwest Passage to shipping. Northwest Passage shown to the right. e.) Where is warming projected to be the least (actually some cooling) in RCP2.6? Nearby a large ice sheet. Which?
