Understanding Transliteration: The Art of Converting Language Letters
Explore the fascinating world of transliteration, where source language letters are replaced with target language letters based on established rules. Discover how proper names are transliterated and learn about vowels representation in different alphabets. Dive into the Islamic context of transliteration and the differences between American and British spellings.
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Presentation Transcript
TRANSLITERATION It is meant the replacement of source language letters ( i.e. graphological units ) by non-equivalent target language letters, on the basis of a set of conventionally established rules. Also, Transliteration means transferring the letters or characters (of a word) from one alphabet to another . For example: Garage = Alcohol = Bank =
" . " : (Transcription) - - CH P ) () ( - Treasure V . - G : 1898 - - - - - - - N - - - - Z R Dh Gh D Kh Zh W H J D Th T B A - - . - - - - - - - - K - - F A T H S M Sh L S - - - - Y Q
( ) ) ( : apostrophe = I = EE OO U AA = A :) ( : ) ( : AMAL ) ( MAHMUD KHALIL - Vowels: - The vowels are represented as follows: 1. Short Vowels like : fathah as (u) in tub . a kasrah as (i) in pin .. I 2. Long Vowels like : long fathah as (a) in father . long kasrah as (ee) in deep .i long dammah as (oo) in moot . fathah before w . au fathah before y .. ai
- Transliteration of Proper Names: Biblical proper names are not transliterated, but their Biblical form is adopted; other according to the rules of transliteration. Hence the reader will notice a change in such names as (Mecca) which should be written as (Makkah), and (Medina) which should be written as (Madinah), and (Yemen) should be written as (Yaman), and so on. -The following list shows the Biblical names and their Arabic equivalents: Biblical Names Arabic Form H r n Aaron Ibr him Abraham Adam Adam Imr n Amran Babel B bil David Daw d Egypt Misr Elias Ily s
Biblical Names Arabic Form Ezra Uzair Elisha Al-Yash a Gabriel Jibril Gog Ya j j Goliath J l t Gospel Injil Isaac Ish a Ishmael Ism il Jacob Ya q b Jesus Is Jew Yah di Job Ayy b John Yahy
Biblical Names Arabic Form Jonah Y nus Korah Q r n Lot L t Magog Ma j j Mary Maryam Michael Mikal Moses M s Noah N h Pharaoh Fir aun Saul Tal t Sheba Sab Solomon Sulaim n Torah Taur t Zacharias Zakariyy
Transliteration in Islamic contexts 1. American spelling is the standard. Whenever there is a difference between American and British spelling, abide by the American rules. For example: AMERICAN SPELLING BRITISH SPELLING Traveler Traveller Honor Honour Muhammad Mohammed Muslim Moselm Organize Organise Toward Towards ) ( ) ( 2. When the Arabic word dhu transliterated as Dhul- . For example: Dhul-Hijjah comes before the definite article , it is Dhul-Qarnain
3. Some Arabic names (such as names of Prophets, angels and some places have conventional spelling in English literature and dictionaries. These names are to be written according to the accepted spelling and not transliterated. For example: Mecca Medina Syria Gabriel Moses Avicenna Saladin 4. Names that do not have conventional English spelling should be written consistently according to transliteration rules. For example: Umar bin Al-Khattab Al-Muzdalifah
5. Any doubtful pronunciation of Arabic words should be checked first in a reliable reference before being transliterated. For example: Abu Rauh Ibn Muhriz Abu Burdah 6. No special consideration is given to the inflectional position of an Arabic word in Arabic sentences. Even if the name is given different vowel marks in different locations, it should be written the same in all instances. For example: `Abdullah narrated In Dhul-Hijjah
7. To make plural form of a transliterated noun, just add s at the end of the singular form. For example: SINGULAR PLURAL hadith hadiths Dirham dirhams dinar dinars However, some Arabic plural forms are popular in literature. You can use them, but just be consistent. For example: Ansar Muhajirin fatawa mujahidin
8. When Arabic letters which are represented with one English letter are doubled, the English equivalent should also be doubled. Example: Shaddad Ghassan Muttalib Sometimes an Arabic letter is represented by a combination of two English letters. In this case when the Arabic letter is doubled, the English equivalent is not. For example: Bashar Nakhal ( 9. Names beginning with the Arabic word `abd ( example: are transliterated as `Abdul- . For `Abdul-Rahman Abdul-Razzaq `Abdul-Qadir However, there are some exceptions to this rule with names that are usually written as one block. For example: `Abdullah `Ubaidullah
