Verbal Roots and Tense Stems in Beginning Greek

LAN 401 BEGINNING GREEK I Class X: Verbal Roots and Imperfect

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 1.1 Verbal Roots and Tense Stems Root and Stem: Root = its most basic form < * -- I loose < * -- I throw Stem = basic form of that verb in particular tense Present stem: > Future stem: >

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Relationship of verbal root and present tense stem Pattern 1 verbs - verbal root = present tense stem Pattern 2-4 verbs verbal root is modified when forming pr. tense stem Root is the basic form of the verb. Stem is the basic form of a verb in a certain tense Verbal Root Present Stem Future Aorist Stem

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Pattern 1 Root not modified: + > Pattern 2 Different forms [irregular] * > - I see * > - I will see * > - I come * > - I will come * > - I say * > - I will say

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Pattern 3 Liquid Futures ( , , , ) Mostly formed regularly except: Slightly different tense formative [- ] Present and future stem slightly different Future active indicative (liquids): Fut. Act. Stem + tense formative + con. vowel + personal endings + + + >

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Paradigm of Future Active indicative: Liquid verb ( ) Translation I will remain Sg. 1 Sg. 2 you will remain Sg. 3 He/she/it will remain Pl. 1 We will remain Pl. 2 You will remain Pl. 3 They will remain

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Future middle indicative (liquid): Fut. Act. Stem + tense formative + con. Vowel + pas. pers. ending + + + > Liquid verb Sg. 1 Sg. 2 Sg. 3 Pl. 1 Pl. 2 Pl. 3 Translation I will remain you will remain He/she/it will remain We will remain You will remain They will remain

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect To distinguish between liquid and contract verbs: Memorize lexical forms Note final stem consonants Pay attention to accents liquid future has circumflex over contracted vowels (except pl. 1 in middle) No contraction on the present tense Stem change

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Stem change in liquids: Present and future stems often different just a bit Addition of double consonant: > > Addition of iota: > > Different roots: >

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Pattern 4 Root Modified Regularly: Memorize patterns or all tense forms? (a) Roots in a stop - / - verbs -- * + > - verbs -- * + > (I will trouble)

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect (b) Double Consonants -- * > (c) Letters added and ablaut Iota added * + > (pr.) * > (fut.) ( ) * > (pr.) * > (fut.) * + > (pr.) * > (fut.)

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Practice & Exercises: Workbook p. 75 Parsing Warm-up

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.1 Imperfect English usage Engl. - one simple past tense but two aspects Completed Continuous I was studying [continuous] I studied [completed]

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.2 Imperfect Greek usage Gk. two past tenses: Imperfect Continuous action of the past Aorist Undefined action of the past Past time in Greek indicated by augment A prefix that is similar to -ed in English (cf. want-ed) --

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Primary and secondary endings: Primary tenses do not use augment Secondary tenses do use the augment Four sets of personal endings Primary active (pr. act.) Secondary active (impf. act.) Primary passive (pr. pas.) Secondary passive (impf. as.) Four sets of personal endings of the Greek verb Other tenses draw from these or their variation

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.3 Imperfect Active Indicative Augment + present tense stem + connecting vowel + secondary active personal ending + + + > Augment pr. stem con. vow. Act. personal ending

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Impf.act.ind. Form Sg. 1 Translation I was loosing ( ) Sg. 2 You were loosing Sg. 3 S/he/it was loosing Pl. 1 We were loosing Pl. 2 You were loosing Pl. 3 They were loosing

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.4 Imperfect Middle/Passive Augment + present tense stem + connecting vowel + secondary passive personal ending + + + > Augment+pr. stem+ con. vow+pas. personal ending

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Impf.mid/pas. Sg. 1 Form Translation I was being loosed Sg. 2 You were being loosed Sg. 3 S/he/it was being loosed We were being loosed Pl.1 Pl. 2 You were being loosed Pl. 3 They were being loosed

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.5 Characteristics of Imperfect Verbs 2.5.1 Augment Indicates past time Ways to augment a verb: 1.) Verb begins with a consonant epsilon [ -] 2.) Verb begins with a single vowel vowel lengthens Standard patterns of vowel contractions apply (see p. 186)

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 3.) Verb begins with a diphthong - variation [1stletter of diphthong] [ - verbs generally do not change] Augment < Original Augment < Original < < < < <

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.5.2 Compound Verbs Compound verb = preposition + verb Generally augment is placed b/w prep. and the verb [exception with -] [exception with -]

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Contract verbs Sg. 1 Sg. 2 Sg. 3 Pl. 1 Pl. 2 Pl. 3 Middle Passive Sg. 1 Sg. 2 Sg. 3 Pl. 1 Pl. 2 Pl. 3

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.5.3 Imperfect of Form Translation I was Sg.1 Sg. 2 You were Sg. 3 S/he/it was Pl. 1 We were / Pl. 2 You were Pl. 3 They were

Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Practice & Exercises: Workbook p. 83 Parsing Warm-up Homework: p. 77, no: 8-10 P. 84-84, no: 6, 8-10